Impact of Twitter on Youth

virtuousness is non an accomplishment. It is a spirit, a neer-ending process. Lawrence M. milling machine In order to beget excellence as a leader we must be ordain to acknowledge that make growing it is not an accomplishment its a never-ending process. Its a process full of many awesome moments and many lonely days. Its fun and exciting one day and then the next day we respect why we ever wanted to lead in the setoff place. legion(predicate) of us secretly fantasize about being a welcomer at Walmart. universe a leader isnt easy it requires allegiance for the longsighted haul.Its not something we can just accomplish and then move on. Being a leader requires hard work, sacrifice, commitment and a willingness to grow ourselves. The leaders I admire most are the ones who apply selflessly of themselves and dress personal ontogeny a priority. I can not give of myself as I leader if I do not first take care of myself. Great leaders balance personal development and organ izational development. Both are important and one without the other does not work. As I realise observed great leaders, I risk they all urinate some things in common. Great companies first image a culture of disciplineand create a business model that fits square in the intersection of three circles what they can be best in the world at, a deep understanding of their economic engine, and the core determine they hold with deep passion. Jim Collins, author of Good To Great We got it right when we verbalise that we were in search of excellence. non competitive advantage. Not economic growth. Not market dominance or strategic differentiation. Not maximized shareholder value. rectitudeIn essay of Excellence even the title is a reminder that business isnt dry, dreary, boring, or by the numbers. Tom Peters, author of In Search of Excellence Excellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not influence rightly because we have virtue or excellence, but we rather have those because we have acted rightly. We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. Aristotle If you are going to achieve excellence in big things, you develop the habit in little matters. Excellence is not an exception, it is a wonted attitude. Colin Po soundly When a team outgrows individual performance and learns team confidence, excellence becomes a reality. Coach Joe Paterno Excellence is not an accomplishment. It is a spirit, a never-ending process. Lawrence M. Miller The secret of joy in work is contained in one member excellence. To know how to do something well is to enjoy it. Pearl Buck Be a yardstick of quality. Some people arent used to an environment where excellence is expected. Steve Jobs The quality of a persons life is in direct proportion to their commitment to excellence, regardless of their chosen field of endeavor. Vince Lombardi My parents always told me that people will never know how long it takes you to do something. They will only know how well it is done. Nancy Hanks With regard to excellence, it is not enough to know, but we must try to have and use it. Aristotle Sports serve society by providing vivid examples of excellence. George F. Will Excellence is to do a common thing in an uncommon way. booking agent T. Washington The noblest search is the search for excellence. Lyndon Baines Johnson

Meaning of life †2006 singles Essay

hold you ever wondered what the meaning of disembodied spirit is, the purpose of our existence. action is truly a mystery we know very little of our own selves. Something beautiful as a life is something amazing to watch. A life is considered priceless. Life is a treasure among treasures. I consider it a miracle that I am living and talking to all of you today. The chances of me being here is 1in 5 million, and yet I am here. The same goes for all of you present here today.All of us should feel blessed that we get to experience the privilege of living. The miracle of life begins with the sleep together of two people because of this respect a life is created. One honest thing leads to a nonher. Theyre maybe clock time that we atomic number 18 challenged, but we should neer yield instead we take these challenges as an opportunity to grow in life. If somehow you fall all you need to do is simply defy up again and again. Life is not just a fork up of roses we need to fight fo r what we want and stand for whatever we believe in. go intot be afraid to encounter risks. It is by taking chances that we correspond how to be brave. Dont shut hunch out of your life by saying its impossible to find time. The quickest direction to receive love is to give the fastest way to lose love is to hold it too tightly and the best way to keep love is to give it wings. Dont run through life so fast that you forget not only where youve been, but also where you ar going. Dont forget, a persons greatest steamy need is to feel appreciated.Dont be afraid to learn. acquaintance is weightless, a treasure you can always carry easily. Dont use time or words c arelessly. Neither can be retrieved. Our generation is so attached to technology that we become like machines. We draw so much time on our gadgets that we fail to notice the things round us. We fail to see the beautiful world around us. Living is not simply eating and breathing is if we spend so much time on our cell pho nes and playing computer games then we were never alive(p) in the first place.Our life is the greatest gift we are given. The memories we trade name with our friends and family. We laugh, cry, love and hate these are the proof that we are truly alive. severally and every one of us is irreplaceable all of us are one of a kind. Dont think of your life as something insignificant maybe just by the act of living you are making someone happy. There is one thing to remember Life is not a race, but a journey to be savored to each one step of the way.

Records Management

Both ministry of Education and direct generates reading on a daily employment that plays a role in the daily operation of an institute that are referred to as records. This discipline generated is wish wellwise use for projecting and supplying tendencys. (Managing records at indoctrinate level). Managing and organization disciples records into a cohesive and effective might seem like an impossible task, but it depends how much effort is placed in it, that makes it possible. indoctrinate that properly man dates their records meets its legislation responsibilities, aids its administrative processes and ensures that records are stored when necessary and destroy when permissible. As a result, all(a) schools should confuse records centering system in place. Having already none that records are development, in that respect are ten categories of development. Firstly, save randomness which would be files that requires immediate response. In an institution, this informat ion would be letter and request transfers. More than likely, action information is one that allow for derive the institution so it should be brought to attention very quickly. in that locationfore, it is normally pass that action information be marked with an urgent sticker. Non- Action information is a nonher category of information. Unlike Action information, Non-Action information is the type that does not require immediate action, but they do require an action. For example, if a newly Minister of Education was assigned, then the school receives a letter of this action, there is no need for it to have an immediate response. It is of import to note that non-action information is no less important than any other information.Therefore referable to protocol and respect, it should be acknowledged. The third category of information is reoccurring information which contribute be described as data which is based on activities or event that reoccur in intervals. Examples of reoccur ring information would be students attending, accounting, sagaciousness results and inventories. On the other hand, another category of information is non-reoccurring which refers to matters that may not recur on a constant basis during the life drag of an organization. The fifth category of information is internal information that is generated within the organization.The purpose of internal conversation is to enhance communication amongst colleagues so that work stooge be produce, extinguishd and handle with confidentiality. When a school holds a meeting, this information may use for the bettering of the school. For example, letters from the head of the department to all staff concerning who should and should not be accepted in class for safety purposes. The complete antagonist category of information which will be external will be for the use of outside communication. Next, Historical information is data that relates to past events and activities and is unremarkably non action information.Also, future information is data that concern with events to come or take place. The two final categories of information are documented information that refers to information entered onto permanent records and non-documented information which is oral. Records are the evidence of what an organization does externally and internally. (ARMA 1) According to research records bunghole in like manner be defined as a documented proof of a work or activity. This may include business activities, contracts negotiations, and business and strength file. Records are categorized into four-spot categories.Firstly, the most important records which are classified as bouncy records includes will include a deed for property, contract sales, or budgets of the organization. Next, important records commission will include board meeting minutes, financial and operating reports. Third, recyclable Records can include product change letter and the least important type of records wh ich is classified as non-essential will include memos like natal day parties and department newsletter. In addition to that, records come in many formats which comprises of physiological paper, electronic, media and various databases.Not having a proper system to manage records of a company, business or institution can have a abundant on its production. As a result, the world has been modernized with what is known as records management. Records Management can be defined as a doctrinal control of records throughout their lifestyle. (ARMA 1). The ISO 15489 also described records management as the compass of management that is responsible for the efficient and systematic control of the creation, receipt, maintenance, use and lean or records, including process for capturing and maintaining evidence of and information about business activities and transaction in the orm of records. (ISO 15489).Records Management includes setting policies and standards, assigning responsibilities a nd authorities, and integrating records management into business systems and processes. Records management in general plays an important role because records are information and assets that holds value for organization. Organization and institutions alike are given a right to manage records to maximize profits, control cost, provide confidentiality, teach trenchant, and learn efficiently.At the end of the day, in force(p) records management is required to ensure that information call for is retrievable, authentic and accurate. Just like all other business, companies and organization tuition institutions are one of the most needed places for a proper and useful management system because they have task of teaching and providing a instruction institutions. School records are reproductions of written records than relates to the school itself or students of the institution and they are records that should be kept under strict confidentiality.School records comprises of registers, schools budget, students medical files, test scores and other valuable data about Administrators, teachers and students that are a part of the day to day running. Some benefits of an sound management are records are more easily identified and protected. An effective management improves storage and retrieval system as well. Next an effective records management increases productivity within the organization and it reduces cost for equipment, space and personnels. In the educational facilities specifically, an effective records management can first of all help save lives.Taking a look at the joined States for example in a journal article that states evidence is mount that food allergy and anaphylaxis have been increasing in school age children. It also stated that 16 % of these children have a reaction in school. It has been proven that an allergic reaction can sometimes result in death. If a record of these students health is kept, the school can be alert. Also, if so many children a re starting to have this allergic reaction and the statistics go growing, vendors can be asked to stop providing it. School records can also economic aid in taking caution with one education.If on a regular basis a child is evaluated for what seem to be a malady or down syndromes, this child can be given the intercession he or she need to learn effectively. In addition to that, it is also important to manage school records effectively because the majority of the times, school records pay heed as the historical source. In order words, school records tell the chronicle of the school. School records also supply information needed for outside communication such as school districts or Ministry of Education to process the planning and decision making by heads to facilitate school, staffs and students.Last but least, school records facilitates continuity in the administration of the school which can all be labeled as managing records from an administrative perspective. Though adminis trators keep more vital records, teachers and staff must also keep records to result in an effective, efficient and productive classroom. Teachers should keep record of parents communication, attendance, behavior and students portfolio. If a teacher dont plan purposes and set up a system that will easier track grades and other important data, retrieving the information when needed will not be easy. spotless records dont carry on unless they are properly recorded, files, stored, transfer and retrieved. In a classroom to manage records a teacher need three things. This includes a grade book, an attendance log, a student portfolio and a time management plan folder. level-headed and accurate records management shows when a teacher classes are faring and progress can be seen in children individual progress. Take for example, a record written text a students behaving that is evaluated and then sent down to the councilor.The councilor would administer with the matter and progress can b e seen in the childs behavior which will then show in their academic performance. Accurate and straightforward records management in the classroom also makes the pupils aware of the teachers productivity and expectations. For example, children will be less likely to charge up the teacher of losing their work, because they witness good records management. Another positive trait of good records management from a teachers aspect is ensuring security for the child which is done by taking a classroom register.This will asses whether the child is attending school regularly and is sometimes used to keep track on compulsory education. In situations like this, a child parent can be called in or forwarded to The police department or social sevices if a child often misses school. Maintaining records is tiring and very time consuming, yet teachers are always left with this burden. Taking note of the vast amount of paperwork they have to deal with, it is sometimes relevant for them to create a simple register system, to store and make retrieval of valuable document less difficult.There are three mean types of filing sytem use. They are alphacbetic , numerical and line of business filing. According to research the key element in making records management filing rules effective are consistency and documentation. (ARMA Records management Quarterly 1) consent means rules stay the same from day to day and person to person. When variant people use the same records but under different rules or procedures, consistency is said to be evaluated.

Renaissance humanism

I naively expect that none of this would be controversial, and I was quite undisposed(p) for the hostility it fire among approximately legates to the congress, chiefly from Yankee europium, who represented what I came to perceive as the Lutheran Establishwork forcet. This group was concerned to insist on the total originality of Luther and the uniquely Ger patch Origins of the Recourseation. The paper would, I echo, be more than everydayly pass judgment today . It was first published in Luther and the Dawn of the Modern period Papers for the Fourth International Congress for Luther Research, De.H. A. Barman, Studies in the History of Christian Thought, Volvo. 8 (Elided E. J. Brills, 1974), up. 127-149. It is reprinted here by permission of the publisher . Since the peculiar in lineixture of righteousness and presumption in the title of my paper provide except bring forth escaped the nonice of this distinguished audience, I feel some need to explain at the outset th at it represents an assignment on the berth of those who planned our meeting.The logical implication of the difficultys to which it points is suggested by the great historians who harbor grapp guide with it in the past, albeit (a point that should constitute some thing of a warning) with somewhat contrary go outs, among them Michelle, Diluted, and Throttles. l Its applicative importance lies in the need of some of us to place our more limited inclusions in some broader historical framework we must hence reconsider, from ? 226 ? time to time, the consanguinity between renascence and Re actation.In hatred of this, the worst has recently cope withd precise opinionated attention, and many of us are still likely to rely, when we arise it, on unexamined and obsolete stereotypes. Obviously I can non hope to remedy this assert of affairs in a brief paper. Yet the progress of conversion studies in recent decades invites a reassessment of this classic problem, and I bear these remarks as an essay intended to stimulate further concussion. What has chiefly suppress larger generalization has been the extension and refinement of our k in a flashledge, and with it a growth two in limitedization and in humility.Thus we are increasingly reluctant to furtheste broad pronouncements to the highest degree either the rebirth or the Reformation, much slight about two(prenominal) at once. For as scholars we are divided non and between renascence and Reformation, or between Italy and Northern Europe tear down within these categories most of us are specialists who would claim competency barely in a specific perspective of spiritual rebirth Florence or Venice, in one phase or some other of Renaissance pieceism, in Machiavelli or Erasmus, in later scholasticism or the archives of righteousness, in Luther or Calvin or the sects.nether these conditions few students of the Renaissance have cared to look as far as the Reformation and although Reform ation scholars have been somewhat bolder, they have rarely pursued the question of Renaissance antecedents farther than northern benevolentism. military manitarianism is, therefore, the one theatre of operations that has recently encouraged forays into the problem of this paper exclusively although Barren, Devour, Spits, Libeling, and especi bothy Charles Trinkets, among others, have made valuable intrusions to discussion,2 the problem is still with us, primarily, I think, because we have non full phase of the moony made up our minds about the consequence of Renaissance pityingism.A result of this difficulty has been a tendency to focus special attention on Erasmus as a touchstone for the Renaissance, a post for which?for earths that result emerge later in this paper?I think he is not exclusively suited. It is, however, one footmark of the complexity of our subject that we cannot approach the question of the blood between Renaissance and Reformation without someways f irst coming to terms with the implications of pieceism. I should like to do so, however, sidelong benignanta than at a time.It faces to me that although clementism, which assumed a shape of forms as it passed by means of with(predicate) incidental stages and was influenced by differing local conditions, was not identical with the more expectant tendencies of Renaissance destination, it was nevertheless(prenominal) oft likely to give them notable expression, and for footings that were not accidental besides broadcastly related to the rhetorical tradition whatever their ?227 ? differences in other respects, most recent interpretations of Renaissance humanism have at least identified it with a revival of rhetoric. What has been less gener tout ensembley recognize is the deeper significance of this revival. The major reason is, I think, that in our time the term rhetoric has become generally pejorative we are inclined to friction match it with the adjective mere. t hat for the Renaissance there was nothing shallow about rhetoric. Based on a set of profound assumptions about the nature, competence, and tidy sum of man, rhetoric gave expression to the deepest tendencies of Renaissance nicety, tendencies by no meaner confined to men clearly identifiable as humanists, nor always fully expressed by men who have generally been considered humanists.I shall try in this paper to let out these tendencies, which seem to me to have exerted intolerable pressures on fundamental elements in the chivalric intellect of Christianity. And I impart suggest that similar tendencies underlay the mentation of the great Protestant Reformers. Thus the significance of Protestantism in the development of European polish lies in the fact that it accepted the religious consequences of these Renaissance tendencies and was prepared to apply them to the understanding of the Gospel.From this standpoint the Reformation was the theological fulfillment of the Renaissance . I Fundamental to the cultural movements of the Renaissance was a gradual accumulation of contour and governmental potpourris an economy increasingly dependent on commerce rather than agriculture a political structure composed of assertive exceptional powers and a society dominated by educated laymen who were increasingly rebellious under clerical direction and increasingly aggressive in press their have got claims to dignity and self-determination.A commercial economy and the more and more openly uncoordinated conduct of politics supplied the social base for a in the altogether-fangled vision of mans place in the earth, and of the valet itself. Social figure grow in the land had perhaps encouraged a superstar of broad, essential regularities last-ditchly responsive to cosmic forces and inhibiting to a reason of the significance of modify but the vivification of a merchant community and the ambitious trading operations of independent rulers made all experienc eledge contingent on the interaction between unpredictable forces and the working ingenuity and energies of men.Under these conditions the possibility of cosmic sight seemed remote, but in any case of little relevance to human affairs and the obvious rule of change in the empirical world encouraged efforts at its comprehension and eventually ? 228 ? stimulated the awareness of history, that curiously Hebraic and Christian?as opposed to classic or Hellenic?contribution to the Western consciousness.Meanwhile rude(a) political realities and the claims of laymen undermined the hierarchical universes that had defined the essential structure of the old unified order of the cosmos, within which the affairs of this world had been assigned their proper place. 4 It will also be useful to obtain at this point that these developments were by no meaner confined to Italy I will touch briefly at a later point on the implications of this fact for the Renaissance problem.It is not altogeth er wrong to emphasize the collateral consequences of these developments which, by freeing human activity from any connection with ultimate patterns of order, liberated an exuberance that found expression in the various dimensions of Renaissance creativity. Bureaucrats insight that the familiarity of politics converted the prince into an artist of sorts may posit modification yet the new situation made all human arrangements potentially creative in a sense hardly workable so long as the basic principles of every activity were deduced from universal principles.The notion of the state as a work of art points to the general process of colonization and reminds us that the culture of the Renaissance extended far beyond its brilliant art and literature, and was perhaps even more of import in its implications than in its accomplishments. It had, however, another and darker side. It rest on the destruction of the sense of a definable relationship between man and ultimate realities. It part his connection with haughty principles of order, not so much by denying their being as by rejecting their accessibility to the human understanding.It deprived him of a traditional conception of himself as a being with distinct and organized faculties attuned to the similarly organized structure of an unchanging, and in this sense dependable, universe. Above all, therefore, it left him both alone in a mysterious world of unpredictable and often hostile forces, and at the corresponding time personally responsible in the most radical sense for his own ultimate destiny. For he was now left without reliable principles and? because the directive claims of the church also depended heavily on the old conceptions?reliable agencies of guidance.These darker aspects of Renaissance culture eventually squired, therefore, a reformulation of Christian belief, and we shall now examine them a bit more closely. Renaissance notion has sometimes been represented as a reassertion of old-fashio ned freethinking against the supernaturalism of the Middle Ages. The formulation is, of course, both inaccurate and misleading. In the ordinal cytosine some ideaual leaders had been notably hospitable to Greek philosophy, and had tried to coordinate it with revelation. moreover ? 229 ? it was precisely the possibility of such coordination that Renaissance culture?insofar as it differed from what had preceded it?characteristically denied in this sense Renaissance ruling was less wiseistic (if not necessarily less rational) than that of the Middle Ages. In fact it was inclined to distinguish between realms, between ultimate loyaltys altogether inaccessible to mans intellect, and the knowledge man needed to get along in this world, which turned out to be sufficient for his purposes.Thus the Renaissance attack on scholasticism had a larger implication as well as a specific target it implied, and occasionally led to, the rejection of all systematic philosophy. From Patriarch, thro ugh Salutation and Villa, to Machiavelli, Pompano, ND the Venetians of the later Renaissance, the leaders of Renaissance sentiment rejected any effort to ground human reflection or action on metaphysics and at the same time they insisted on the autonomy of the various dimensions of human concern and the relativity of truth to the practical requirements of the human condition.In this sense, although truth was robbed of some grandeur, it was also made more human and if Aristotle was less and less respected as a vehicle of eternal wisdom, he could be all the more admired as a man. 5 Under such conditions philosophy could evidently contribute nothing to theology indeed, its virtual(prenominal) effects were likely to be adverse since it encouraged malice and pride. related to the attack on metaphysical shot was an attack on pecking order, which rested ultimately on metaphysically based conceptions of the internal structure of all reality.The repudiation of hierarchy was most profoundl y expressed in Nicholas of Cusss conception of the infinite, which made every entity equally distant from?and thus equally tight to? god6 a similar impulse perhaps lurks behind Villas rejection of Pseudo-Dionysus. 7 But partly because the formulations of Susan smacked too such of metaphysics, partly because the problem of hierarchy was peculiarly related to social change, the attack on hierarchy was likely to receive more overtly social expression.It took a general form in the effort to substitute a dynamic conception of nobility through virtue for the static nobility of birth,8 a specific form in the impulse (often expressed in legislation and the practical policies of states)9 to consider the clergy in no way superior to other men but, on the contrary, as equal in the obligations of citizenship (if generally less competent in practical affairs), at least as alienable to sin, and in as larger-than- look a need for salvation as other men, whom it was their obligation to look rath er than to command.This suggested at least that social order was unrelated to cosmic order, but it also raised the possibility that order per SE was of a kind quite different from what had been supposed. For the age of the Renaissance was by no meaner oblivious to the ? 230 ? need for order, which indeed historical disasters had converted into the most urgent of problems. But its very urgency intensified the necessity of regarding order as a practical rather than a metaphysical issue. Bitter experience seemed to demonstrate that order had to be brought down to earth, where it could be defined in limited and manageable ways.And, as the occasional intrusions of the clergy into politics appeared periodically to demonstrate, the set out to apply ultimate principles to concrete problems was likely merely to interfere with their practical solution. This was a central point not only for Machiavelli and his polities successors it also molded the numerous constitutional experiments of the Renaissance, with their repudiation of hierarchically defined lines of authority in favor of order through a balance of interests and their compendium to quick local require and the right of local self- determination.The beaver arrangements, in these terms, were not those that most accurately reflected some absolute pattern but those that best served the specific and limited human purposes for which they were instituted. But although a sense of the confinement of the human intellect was basic to the thought of the Renaissance, this negation had a positive corollary in a new conception of the human personality which also seemed to equal better to the experience supplied by a new social environment.Men whose lives consisted in the broad range of experiences, ontogenesis, and human relationships that characterized existence in the bustling and entangled modern world could no longer find plausible an get up conception of man as a hierarchy of faculties properly subject to reaso n instead the personality presented itself as a complex and forked unity in which the will, primarily responsive to the passions, occupied a mental attitude at the con midpoint.One result of this conception was to undermine the contemplative paragon if mans reason was weak but his will strong, he could only realize himself in this world through action, indeed he was meant for a heart of action. some other was to reduce suspicion of the body in the absence of the old mental hierarchy, the body could no longer be held merely base and contemptible. accomplishment required its use, and the new integrity of the personality reduced the possibility of attributing the human propensity to evil primarily to the physical or sensual aspect of mans nature.Human passions now also acquired a positive value, as the source of action. 10 This new anthropology, articulated by Patriarch, Salutation, and Villa, required a reconsideration of the problem of immortality and led eventually to the ar dent discussions of the soul in which Pompano figured. It also pointed to the political and historical conceptions of Machiavelli and Caricaturing, who emphasized the primacy of will and passion, as well as to the psychological interests of a host of Renaissance writers. 11 ? 231 ? In addition man was defined as a social being if he lost one kind of company in a larger reality, namely his plume ready as a member of the human species in the cosmic hierarchy of being, he, obtained another with, perhaps, more tangible satisfactions his membership as a concrete exclusive in the particular human community in which he lived, now an essential rather than an accidental condition of is existence. Thus the set of human community now achieved full intelligence.Human virtue was defined not as an abstraction but as a function of relationship with other men mans active nature was understood to achieve full expression only in a life of social responsibility, and indeed his happiness was see n as dependent on human community. Furthermore, since effective company in society required some wealth, the conception struck another blow at medieval asceticism. On the other hand the demands of life in society also stimulated a vision of human existence very different from that implicit in the contemplative ideal.For life in society was patently marked by a remainder of opposing interests that could rarely (if men were honest) be identified with absolute skillful or evil and to incessant struggle with other men was added, in social existence, the temptations that inevitably beset anyone who chooses to engage with rather than to withdraw from the world. The life clutch to men in this world was thus not love-in-idleness (however desperately one might long for it) 12 but a unending and moralisticly ambiguous warfare, with the outcome ever in doubt. By the same token earthly life had also to be seen as dynamic, as subject to change in all its aspects.Human communities could be seen to rise, flourish, and decay and the philological investigations of Renaissance humanists supplemented common experience by revealing the general outlines of ancient civilization and thus demonstrating how much had changed during the intervening centuries. 13 They also wrote histories that communicated not only this perspective on the past, with its implication that human culture is not an absolute but relative to its times, but in addition other aspects of the Renaissance vision of life the active and social nature of man, the values of community, the incapableness of conflict and change.This vision found its fullest expression in the rhetorical culture of the Renaissance. Humanist oratory was based on the conception of man as a social being motivated by a will whose energies stemmed from the passions. This conception led in turn to a typical concern with communication as the essential bond of life in society, as well as to a new human ideal of the well-rounded, eloquent, an d thus socially effective man of affairs.The purpose of communication, in this view, could not be the transmission of an absolute wisdom, which the human mind was incompetent to reach, but the attainment of concrete and practical ends. ? 232 ? Such communication had above all to be persuasive it had to affect the will by swaying the passions, rather than merely to convince the mind in short it needed to penetrate to the center of the personality in order to achieve results in visible acts. And the significance of the need for persuasion should also be remarked.It implied a life in society that could not be controlled by authority and coercion through a hierarchical chain of command but depended instead on the inward assent of individuals. It was therefore no accident that the rhetorical culture of Italian humanism achieved its fullest development in republics. In addition the needs of broad communication pointed eventually to the development and use of vernacular languages, a more i mportant concern of Renaissance humanism than has sometimes been recognized. 14 II It should be immediately apparent that this set of attitudes imposed great strains on traditional Catholicism. 1 5 It undermined the effort to base earthly existence on abstract principles identified with divine wisdom, and to relate the visible and changing world of public experience to the invisible and immutable realm of the spirit. Both the comforts in this relationship and its implications for the guidance and intro of lower things by higher were gravely threatened.From a Renaissance perspective the arguments by which it was supported seemed at best frivolous, at worst a specious rationalization of claims to power in this world on behalf of a group of men whose attention should be directed exclusively to the next. And behind such suspicions we may also get it on the perception of man as primarily a creature of will and passion. In this light intellectual claims were likely to be construed as m asks for motives that could not bear inspection dogma itself might be no more than an instrument of tyranny.In addition, since a contemplative repose now seemed inappropriate to the demonstrable nature of man, as well as a breach of responsibility for the welfare of others, the ideal form of the Christian life required redefinition. Finally, the problem of salvation was transformed. Alone in an ultimately unintelligible universe, and with the more unfathomed conception of sin and the problems of its control opened up by the new anthropology, man could no longer count on the mediation either of reason or of other men in closer affaire with the divine than himself.His salvation depended on an immediate and personal relation with God. here(predicate) it is necessary to pause for a more searching look at one of the key terms of our title Renaissance . The conceptions I have so far reviewed ? 233 ? have been based largely on developments in Italy, and this would suggest a vision of t he Renaissance, or of Renaissance culture, as initially and perhaps primarily an Italian affair.But this audience is well aware that the tendencies I have described were also present in a variety of movements outside Italy, if in somewhat different forms. It is obvious, for example, that later medieval piety exhibited similar impulses ND that, in spite of the antipathy of humanists to scholastic speculation (though here we need to be more precise about what was in reality under attack), the later schoolmate played a major if largely independent part in bringing underlying assumptions to the surface and in attempting to accommodate theology to them. 16 Perhaps, therefore, the time has come to expand, as well as to make more specific, our conception of what was central to the age of the Renaissance, and also to waive the traditional contrast between Italy and the North, which seems to me to eve been in some measure the result of a failure to get beneath surface differences.If I have concentrated on Italian thought in this sketch, I have done so partly to bring out the fundamental frequency unity of European spiritual development, partly because the affinities between Protestantism and later scholasticism have been more regularly a concern of Reformation experience than the parallels with the Renaissance in Italy. What is nevertheless increasingly clear is that the process of redefining Christianity to bring it into correspondence with the new assumptions about man and the world as gradual, and that it was pickings place simultaneously throughout Europe.Largely because of the recent profound book of Charles Trinkets, it is inessential to review in detail the process by which the pressures for religious change implicit in the assumptions of Renaissance culture operated among the humanists of Italy. They are already transparent in Patriarch, and they seem to have reached a climax in Lorenz Villa. In a general sense they may be attributed to the special solit ude and despair of men who could no longer regard religious truth as a body of knowledge of the name order as other knowledge that was communicable through similar kinds of intelligible discourse.Nor could the institutional fiddles encouraged by ecclesiastical authority as an alternative to rational theology provide a satisfactory solution to the problem. Not only did the idea of implicit faith clash with the growing sense of individual spiritual dignity among pious laymen in addition, discredited by its impotence, its worldliness, the presumed irrelevance of its abstract theology, and a sacramental and disciplinary externalities increasingly inadequate to relieve the profanely intense guilt of the age, the church could no longer be regarded as a dependable guarantor of truth. ? 234 ? Thus, driven by a profound yearning for immediate contact with the eternal,17 the humanists of the early Italian Renaissance move perceptibly toward a simple religion of grace based on the Scripture s and apprehended by the individual through faith. Patriarch typically began with insights into his own inner conflicts and the discovery that these could only be resolved by throwing himself on Gods mercy in a faith that was at once the highest form of knowledge and at the same time different n kind from all other knowledge confusion on this point seemed to him the most dangerous error.Salutation, concerned as a sterner moralist to protect human freedom and responsibility within a religion of grace, wrestled with the problem of predestination. And with Villa excuse by faith received an even fuller exploration, the role of priest and sacrament in the economy of salvation was correspondingly reduced, and that of Scripture, the Word whose authenticity could be established by philology and which spoke directly to the individual, was enlarged. 18 match to the distinction between philosophy and faith was the demand or a sharper distinction between the church and the world the separati on of realms in one area seemed to lead naturally to separation in others. In its demands for a spiritual church, the new historicism of the Renaissance col agitateated with the insistence of the Italian states on freedom from clerical interference and with their grievances against Rome as a political force. 19 The study of the historical church revealed the spiritual costs of the confusion of realms. 20 At the very least, as men of the Renaissance with some political experience were in a position to know, the effective use of power in the world was always morally ambiguous21 and meanwhile the growing participation of popes and prelates in secular politics had been accompanied by an increasing heedlessness of the spiritual mission of the church. Thus, if reform required a return to the past, the reason was above all that the early church had been true to its spiritual characters. 22 barely a spiritual church, devoted to that which does not change, could stand above history and thu s resist decay.Villas attack on the Donation of Constantine was not an uncaring document23 it fleets a concern with the church, its earthly role and its spiritual mission, that runs through much of Renaissance historiography, from Muscat at the beginning of the fourteenth century to Machiavelli, Caricaturing, and Far Paolo Carpi. 24 The rediscovery of grace was closely related to the new vision of man philosophy, as Patriarch recognized, was incapable of converting man at the crucial center of his being. It is one thing to know, he declared, another to love one thing to understand, another to will. What was required was a shift not merely of the intellect but of the ? 235 ? hole personality, so that Christian conversion would find appropriate expression in a life of love and active responsibility for the welfare of others. And, as in the world, the essential meaner for such a transformation was not rational appeal to the intellect but rhetorical appeal to those deeper levels in ma n that alone could move the will. Thus Patriarch argued for the favourable position over rational philosophers of moral teachers who could sow the love of virtue in the very hearts of men. 25 For Villa rhetoric was thus the only branch of secular learning (except for philology) applicable to theology. 26 The implications of this position for the importance and character of preaching seem clear. A new conception of man was also reflected in a changed conception of God, in accordance, perhaps, not only with Renaissance emphasis on mans creation in Gods likeness and image but also with Callings recognition of the reciprocal relationship between mans understanding of himself and his knowledge of God. 27 Like man, God could no longer be perceived as a contemplative being, as Aristotle unmoved mover, operating in the universe not directly but through a research of intermediate powers. 28 Laymen active in the world required a God who was also active, who exercised a direct and vigilant co ntrol over all things, like that to which they aspired for themselves.God too had therefore to be perceived as primarily will, intellectually beyond mans scope yet revealing something of himself? all, at any rate, that man needed to know?in his actions, above all as recorded in dedicated Scripture. And from Patriarchs sense of the free, mysterious, and incalculable nature of God,29 Salutation went on to defend the human representations f God in the Bible as a form of communication appropriate to mens capacities. 30 Villa was, as one might expect, even clearer that the God of philosophy could not be the God of faith. 31 In spite of all this, it is nevertheless undeniable that the culture of the Italian Renaissance did not culminate in Protestantism, although even on this point our old sense of the immunity of Italy to the impulses of the Reformation is no longer altogether tenable. 32 Yet it remains true that the religious thought of Renaissance Italy remained no more than an in coherent bundle of monumental insights, and it was unable to rid itself of fundamental contradictions again, however, the contrast with Northern Europe seems hardly absolute.Above all it failed to complete its conviction of mans intellectual limitations, which pushed him only part of the way into the realm of grace, with full conviction of his moral impotence. level(p) here its vision of man suggests a deepening in the understanding of sin and the human obstacles to salvation and there is abundant evidence of a pessimistic estimate of the human condition in Patriarch, Salutation, Pogo, Villa, and later, in a different form, in Machiavelli andCaricaturing. Yet Renaissance emphasis on the central importance of the will frequently served chiefly to nourish the moralist that so deeply permeated later medieval piety,33 contributing both to the notion of Christianity as the pursuit of moral perfection and of the church as essentially a system of government 34 Renaissance humanism remaine d, in Lathers sense, Appealing.The consequence was, however, that Renaissance culture in Italy, like Scholastic theology in the north, helped to intensify, from both directions at once, the unbearable tension between he moral obligations and the moral capacities of the Christian that could at last find relief only in either a repudiation of Renaissance attitudes or the theology of the Reformation. But it could not resolve the problem itself, and we must ask why this was so. role of the explanation is connected with the fact that some among the figures we have cited were lacking in theological interests, while the rest were amateurs whose major activity lay elsewhere.The result was an inability to develop the full implications of their assumptions, which was supplemented by prejudice against intellectual labor too closely resembling the Scholasticism they despised. In addition, closely attached to particular societies in which, traditionally, no distinction was made between Christia nity and citizenship, they were unable to ach

Tesco : Retail & Logistics Mgt

The business population nowadays is very different from the past. It is ready changing, challenging and full of opport social unities. In order to sustain the business, the companies need to derogate costs, maximize profits and make the business environmentally sustainable. The make outment of the fundamental law achieve these goals through and through go forth chain management has recently cogitate (Fawcett, et al. , 2007). Tesco is one of the Worlds breaking retailer with operations in United Kingdom, Korea, Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia, Hungary, Malaysia, Japan, China and the United States.She became increasingly substantial on the internationalist stage. The affix chain transformation has underpinned to this retail victor story. Tesco adopted a common operating set crosswise its oecumenical business, admitting it to spread and support key add together chain and replenishment applications when it spread out into vernal countries. Tesco leveraged a common humorl across multiple countries and material willingness to accept local anesthetic solid food market without losing its centre of attention identity, this allowed Tesco think globosely and bout locally (Smith and Sparks 1993 and Gustafsson et al 2006).There were quartet main improving stages in dissemination and deliver chain strategies in Tesco that could be demo Direct to caudex spoken colloquy, exchangeization, composite statistical distribution and vertical collaboration and lean supply chain (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Direct to store delivery (DSD) This process operated in mid-1970s. The direct delivery by the manuf representurers and suppliers to the retail shops whenever they wanted. Shop manages operated in own interest. These do central control and standardization more difficult.A requirement of alternative in flack to supply and distribution occurred as the new corporate business strategy took hold (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Centralization This process was applied to move away from DSD in 1980. The introduction of centralization compelled suppliers to meet Tescos operational look ats and gave control oer the supply of crossroads to stores at heart a lead date of maximum of 48 hours. Suppliers were forced to deliver into the distribution centers of the supply network.This allowed faster caudex turn, remedy lead succession and reduced inventory cost. Moreover, the organized network of change distribution centers was linked by computer to stores and head offices. Buffer stock aim and operations stock was reduced. However, this created problems of high logistic cost ascribable to the change magnitude delivery frequency, running of empty or un-full vehicle and increased labor cost on more frequent receiving. Nevertheless, outsourcing was the key agent of the revised supply chain network.It allowed making comparison between Tescos operated centers and outside contractors, to measure the practices between two parties and come ef ficiency (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). complex Distribution This integrated strategy of supply was implemented in 1990, in ongoing improvement process. It enabled chilled, fresh and frozen harvest-times to be distributed by multi-temperature w atomic number 18ho employs and vehicles through a common system. Special designed vehicles with individual temperature control compartments were apply to delivery any combination of these products.According to Fernie and Sparks (2009, pg. ,151), The move to composite led to the that centralization of more product groups , the reduction of stock holding, faster product movement along the channel, better information sharing, the reduction of order lead times and stronger code control for critical products. This composite structure became the backrest of the supply network. Tesco international business product and the new methods of working, the composite reputation of centers became regional distribution centers (RDC) gradually.Vertical Coll aboration and Lean contribute mountain chains Jones and Clarke (2002) tell that there were lots of chances for improvement even in the best-run apprize streams. A famous quoted example, Tesco cola can journey (Womack and Jones 2005). The can example demonstrated the improvement process undertaken by Tesco. Firstly, map of the traditional value stream. Secondly, value stream flow was designed. Finally, Tesco turn up from flow principle and began to go through at synchronization and aspects of lean manufacturing and upply (Fernie & Sparks, 2009). Tesco moved to a lean supply system using the flow system multiple daily orders were site to suppliers allowing for multiple deliveries, reducing stock holding through cross-docking and varying availabilities and fibre (Fernie and Sparks 2009, pg. , 155). Tesco initialed to change the supply chain pattern to fit in motley countries. The success substructure and the processes of supply chain were embedded in new enter countries.For ex ample, Hungary, Ireland, Korea, Poland and Czech Republic, major RDC was built in these countries. The composite model had been effectively implemented, even with the very(prenominal) logistics return partners (Child, 2002). However, in some occasion, Tesco compulsory to rethink the supply system and adopting advanced information technology as the springboard to step forward. For example, Oracle Retail W arhouse counsel ashes was deployed in Korea in 2004. Successful slayings transplanted to former(a) countries. Oracle Corporation, 2012) Similarly, Micro counsel was selected to upgrade the supply chain management systems (Continuous Replenishment Application) to create a common model across all countries and support to move into US market in 2007 (Micro Focus, 2011). Summarizing the above, the outcome of an informed supply chain and the organic evolution of advanced IT infrastructure enable seamless information sharing on a common platform with internet-based network. It enha nced the effectiveness and efficiency of the supply chain.According to Harrison and Hoek (2008), Information sharing technology enables collaborative partners working together from product design, manufacturing, logistic flow, demand forecasting, replenishment planning and work closely to array their organization strategy in order to achieve competitive advantage. Kotler (1988) claimed that a company going abroad must lead and understanding distributively hostile market c befully, being sensitive to its culture and economics, and apply enrolment in its products and communication to casing local needs.With support of the above authors, Tesco had made a uncommon supply chain operation in international expansion. Question 2 Different aspects engageing Tescos International carry out are included in the indicated case check from page 30. You are ask to select and evaluate three of these run intos. Various dimensions of Tescos international experience are illustrated in the ca se study. The following experiences are selected to be evaluated, they are entry mode experiences, marketing and communications and mankind capital experience.Entry mode experience Expansion into foreign markets can be carried out via the four mechanisms direct investment, acquisition, licensing and joint venture (Foley, 1999). The entry mode that Tesco chose to adopt when entranceway foreign market was acquisition (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). (Fig. 1) Compared to early(a)(a) large retail companies much(prenominal) as Wal-Mart who lean to focus on larger market, Tesco tended to take a more conservative entry strategy. Tesco entered the central European market through store-by-store mode. It allowed testing on the market with comparatively lower startup cost.The human and financial capital was alike minimized. On the other hand, the cost of harm or replacing them by larger hypermarket was in addition lower. After a testing period of these acquisitions, Tesco started to open th rough Greenfield investments. It constructed new hypermarkets in outskirt (Beckmann, 1999). This was a very aspiring change for Tesco since this was totally new. This approach allowed to provoke a experience on the expand which is completely apart from received national supermarket format and extend the international retail store operations. market and communication Tesco learned from accumulated experiences in approaching new markets, compared to the failure experience in ledger entry the Ireland and French markets, Tesco made success in entering Czech Republic because of its vigorous initiative to adopt the local market without drooping its core identity which were offered low prices, high quality product and services. With global strategies and adapt customization in each local market, like McDonalds operates, with a global development plan, but adapting locally, has become known as glocalisation.Tiplady (2003) specify that the way in which ideas and structures that circula te globally and suitable and changed by local realities. Tesco adopted this as the core strategy to enter different foreign markets continuously. In recognizing and understanding the local needs, which included the needs of guests, competitors and the macro environment. orbicular sourcing and supply chain experience As mentioned previously, Tesco think globally and act locally. Its chosen to create a long term kindred with local producer in individual countries.For example, in considering the high level of national identity existing in Czech Republic, Tesco worked with the local food processors and farmers to develop its own label products at a lower cost. In UK, almost cover 40% of own brand products (Yoruk & Radoservic, 2000). In Ireland, Tesco in like manner supported local Irish products and producers. It purchased honests worth ? 900 million annually from Irish companies in 2002. Tesco also worked together with the Irish companies to produce Tesco brand products for two domestic and international market which increased the production volume (Anon, 2000).In 2010, Irish exported more than ? 700 million of goods to widely distributed Tesco. This also set up a corporate social responsibility image which create as a high corporate reputation and a positive image to the customers too. The remarkable supply chain operation in international expansion was adapted in changing mode to fit different countries. The successful implementation would become the back bone of the supply chain and embedded to other location with adjustment. The initiative in adopting new information technology infrastructure to enable information sharing which improved the suppliers relationships.Question 3 Select a global retail company of your choice and demonstrate how globalization impacted on their strategy approach. world-wideization is the concept of how global companies seeking to grow its business by extending its markets whilst at the same time seeking cost reduction thro ugh economic of scale in areas such as purchasing, production and focused manufacturing and or assembly operations (Christopher, 2005). IKEA is one of the worlds largest furniture retailers. It perceives itself as the leader within the global market of home furniture. In 2010, it has 280 stores in 26 countries worldwide.The core business idea of IKEA is to offer a wide range of well-designed, structural home furnishing products at low prices that most of the people can afford. Its main business strategy is one-design-suits-all that is aligning the design of products so as to get it on economies of scale, efficiency as well as lower cost. Therefore, IKEA designs the product that suit as many markets as possible. The flat packaging system for pugilism its furniture to optimize carrier space, lower down the utilization of store space and minimizing the types of pallets used to store is extraordinary.It helps to cut down the costs compared to other competitors. Moreover, IKEA has a wide supplier base all over the world. near of them located in low-cost nations, for example, China and East Europe. IKEA maintains a good and long-term relationship with its suppliers. It supports its suppliers in the form of leased equipment, credit facilities or even extending guarantees for suppliers bank loan. With strong alliance and federation with suppliers, in return, improved relationship with the suppliers, hence IKEA could be certain on the supply, standardization of products at high quality with the optimum low price.Furthermore, IKEA also benefits from the scale of its global business. All of the suppliers need to comply with IKEAs IWAY requirement. The IWAY is a recognized standard and a quality assurance selling occlusion to both the current and potential new customer. Organizations watch attempted to expand into new markets with the target to enjoy the benefits through globalization. A new demand in logistical activities in supply chain is increased (Skjott-Lars en, et al. , 2007). IKEAs global supply chain involves more than 1380 suppliers, 41 trading service offices, 31 distribution centers (DC) and 11 customer DCs across the world.IKEA provides its suppliers with support in logistics and IT. The transport manager finds the optimal mode of transportation, delivery lead time and cost involved. IKEA preferred to build its DCs closer to seaports in order to use more ocean transport and less of road and rail transport. Products are either delivered directly to the stores or the DCs whichever is closer. For those slow moving items, they are delivered to those alter DCs which can cover for a large region (Trent & Monczka, 2002) .In addition, standardization helped IKEA to manage pilot projects at a DC and embedded in worldwide DCs if found successful. It enables IKEA to benchmark the performances of various DCs as all worked on superposable procedures. The flat packaging is all designed to fit the highest possible products into the containers minimize logistic cost. This meliorates the efficiency and lower the overall landed costs of products (Agndal, 2006). Moreover, IKEA applies the same design, technology, and operations at all of its facilities thus the processes are standardize across the supply chain.The employees could move from any one location around the world that actually opens the opportunities for staff to widen their career experience and learn other cultures (Kling & Goteman, 2003). Globalization is an ongoing development processes. These are not purely concern on the geographical spread of economic activities across national boundaries. It also includes the functional integration of globally scattered activities. The enterprises convert into a unit that is linked to the world at large instead of a domestic unit (Dicken, 2003). Bibliography Agndal, H. , 2006.The purchasing market entry process A study of 10 Swedish insudtrial small and medium-sized enterprise. journal of Purchasing & Supply instruction, 12(4), pp. 182-196. Andersen, M. & Skjoett-Larsen, T. , 2009. embodied social responsibilty in global supply chains. Supply Chain Management An International Journal, 14(2), pp. 75-89. Anon, 2000. An entry strategy for the Irish market, Ireland The Irish Times. Beckmann, A. , 1999. Dysfunctional Decision-Making -The strife for Pragues Future. Central Europe Review, 1(21). Bowersox, D. , Closs, D. & Copper, M. , 2003.Supply Chain Logistic Management. New York McGraw-Hill education. Brut, S. L. & Sparks, L. , 2003. Power and opposition in the UK retail grocery market. British Journal of Management, Volume 14, pp. 237-254. Child, P. N. , 2002. pickings Tesco Global. Mckinsey Quarterly, Volume 3, pp. 135-144. Christopher, M. , 2005. Logister and Supply Chain Management Creating Value-Adding Networks. 3rd ed. capital of the United Kingdom Pearson Education Publications. Dicken, P. , 2003. Global Shift Resharping The Global Economic Map in The 21th Century. quaternate ed. London Sage Publication. Fawcett, S. , Ellram, L. & Ogden, J. 2007. Supply Chain Management From Vision to Implementation. London Pearson. Fernie, J. & Sparks, L. , 2009. Logistics & Retail Management Emerging issues and new challengers in the retail supply chain. 3rd ed. London Kogan Page Limited. Foley, F. J. , 1999. The Global Enterpreneur Taking Your Business International. kale Dearborn Financial Publishing Inc.. Gustafsson, K. , Jonson, G. , Smith, D. & Sparks, L. , 2006. Retailing Logistics abd Fresh Food Packaging. London Kogan Page. Handfiled, R. B. & Nichols, E. L. , 2004. get a line issues in global supply base management.Industrial trade Mangement, 33(1), pp. 29-35. Harrison, A. & Hoek, R. V. , 2008. Logistic Managment and dodging Competing through the supply chain. 3rd ed. London Pearson. Hugos, M. , Hunt, T. & Philips, T. , 2007. Scoring Points How Tesco continues to win customer loyalty. 2nd ed. London Kogan Page Ltd. Jones, D. T. & Clarke, P. , 2002. Creating a customer driven supply chain. ECR Journal, 2(2), pp. 28-37. Kirkwood, D. A. , 1984. How Tesco manages the distribution function. Retail and Distribution Management, 12(5), pp. 61-65. Kling, K. & Goteman, I. , 2003.IKEA CEO Anders Dahlvig on international growth and IKEAs unique corporate culture and brand identity. Academy of Management Executive, 17(1), pp. 31-37. Kotler, P. , 1988. Marketing Management Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control. 6th ed. New Jersey Prentice-Hall International. Mangan, J. , Lalwani, C. , Butcher, T. & Javadpour, R. , 2012. Global Logistics & Supply Chain Management. 2nd ed. Chichester John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mohorovice, D. , 2000. Minding the store Tesco Commercial Director capital of Minnesota House on customer service, supplier relations, and what milk and home mortages have in common.Budapest Business Journal, p. 9. Monczka, R. M. & Trent, R. J. , 1991. Global sourcing A development approach. International Journal of Purchasing and Material Management , 27(2), pp. 2-8. Palmer, M. , 2004. International restructure and divestment The experience of Tesco. Journal of Marketing Management, Volume 20, pp. 1075-1105. Palmer, M. , 2005. Retail multinational learning a case study of Tesco. International of Retail & Distribution Management, 33(1), pp. 23-48. Powell, D. , 1991. Counter Revolution The Tesco Story. London Grafton Books. Riera, J. , 2000.Tesco sourcing teams to drive down global costs. The Retail Week, 17 March, p. 1. Seonng, M. S. , 2005. Fairness and Relationship lumber Perceived by Local Suppliers. Journal of Global Marketing, Issue 18, pp. 1-2, 5-19. Skjott-Larsen, T. , Schary, B. P. , Mikkola, J. H. & Kotzab, H. , 2007. Managing The Global Supply Chain. 3rd ed. Copenhagen Copenhagen Business School Press. Smith, D. L. G. & Sparks, L. , 1993. The transformation of physical distribution in retailing the example of Tesco Plc. The International Review of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research, 3(1), pp. 35-64. Tiplady, R . 2003. one and only(a) World or Many The impact of globalisation on mission. Pasadena William Carey Library. Trent, R. J. & Monczka, R. M. , 2002. engage competitive advantage through integrated global sourcing. Academy of Management Executive, 16(2), pp. 66-80. Vivek, S. , 2011. Supply Chain as Strategy Asset The Key to make Busines Goals. Hoboken John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. Womack, J. P. & Jones, D. T. , 2005. Lean Solutions. London Simon and Schuster. Yoruk, D. & Radoservic, S. , 2000. International Expansion and Buyer-Driven Commodity Chain The Case of Tesco. Art (University College London).

Bio psycho social Essay

I met with Louis Sutter on Sunday, March 31, 2013. Daniel is a twenty two year old Jewish white male. He presently resides at 123 Apple Road, Columbia, SC, 29205. He is currently studying full time at USC-Columbia and unemployed. He is not married, scarcely in a two year relationship with his girlfriend, Taylor. He was referred to me from the centering center at USC-Columbia. He was sent to me for anxiety and stress worry. outset of DataI received documents from USC- Columbias counseling Center, and wellness records from his primary doctor. I had consent from the knob as well as his guidance and his primary physician. The knob followed counselors advice and made an accommodation with me voluntarily. Description and development of presenting problemLouis is currently in counseling where his counselor suggested he specifically seek stress and anxiety management. He is a full time student who is struggling to balance the demands of college and time management which has recently triggered a significant amount of stress and anxiety. My client seek my assistance after struggling to complete assignments on their due dates. Family fibLouis currently resides in Columbia but is originally from Greenville, South Carolina. In Columbia, he lives with two roommates. Their names be Brandon and Jeffery. They are both Jewish white male students in their twenties. Louis and his roommates take part in a Jewish fraternity. Louis is the second child to Jane and Rueben Sutter.His parents are middle aged. He has an of age(p) sister named Jori who is twenty seven. Louis is very close to his start, Jane. Louis is also close to his motherlike grandfather. He does not interact that much with his paternal family. Client fibLouis was born on March 20, 1991. He graduated high schooling in 2009. He enrolled in college and plans to graduate May 2014. In 2007 he reports that he struggled with the academic demands of high school. In that same year, documents note that Louis was time-tested for learning disabilities and psychological disorders. His physician and psychiatrist suggested medication and therapy. See habituated document for specific past medications.After some trial and error, my client is currently taking Pristiq and Adavan. My client and medical records show that he takes 80mg Pristiq passing(a) and 50mg Adavan when needed. My client says he is satisfied with his meds and the dosages. He also informed me that his mother and sister suffer from anxiety and depression. My client suggests a goodly cosy relationship because he has been dating the same girl for two years and is content. He has no criminal record or legal issues which were support with a background check. He mentioned that he has never had an issue with drugs or alcohol. Current SituationDespite the anxiety and stress, Louis appears to be a positive, healthy and happy person. He takes part in a Jewish college fraternity, has a good support system, takes part in some Jewish trad itions as well as participates in activities related to his major. He seems enthusiastic somewhat classes, just struggles to meet deadlines, procrastinates as well as feels nervous when doing assignments. He wants to complete assignments confidently but says he is always second guesses himself.My client is a full time student who does not work during when classes are in session. He states that his parents financially support him as well as his saving from working in the summers. He says with his savings and parents help, he is adapted to pay for food, rent and bills. He has his own transportation and is able to furbish up around town, to classes, internship and social events. He says he is more of a heathen Jew than a religious Jew. estimateStrengthsProblem ListPlanning, Implementation, Evaluation, and TerminationSelf- Assessment

Leed Certification Essay

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is both a professional certificate in sustainable make practices, and a scoring scale on a structures surroundingsal doctor and sustainability (USGBC, 2008). A LEED restricted professional is recognize as having completed the crawfish out rowing of curriculum in LEED and has successfully passed the LEED Certification exam. This allows a LEED manifest professional to be able to work with colleagues of the construction fabrication in all aspects of a project to develop a LEED certified structure. utilise LEED ensures a structure to be blueprinted and built with the utmost vigilance to detail to assure that the structure is as environmentally friendly as possible. LEED Rating Systems exist for e really bea of the construction industry and swear from the interior finishes of commercial mental synthesiss right down to resource consumption and health risks of residential structures (USGBC, 2008). The LEED certification exam co vers the entirety of the LEED AP Handbook as headspring as some(prenominal) industry example construction practices.The exam and vade mecum together will rifle almost $700 for a non- USGBC member to treat and nearly $600 for members of both the USGBC and GBCI to take ( car parkBuild, 2008). The exam is very rigorous and the oeuvre time required to take the exam is substantial. Most people take about 2 months of 20 a week study time to prepargon for the exam (GBCI, 2008). Contrary to popular belief, becoming LEED Certified is not something that a soul achieves, scarcely it is the expression that achieves it. The process of LEED certification has atomic number 23 different categories that insure that the build is a discolor building.There be five categories that are interpreted into account when building a LEED certified structure. They are sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. This daysnc y that if all of these categories are met the building will be considered Green. It sounds easy, but is not that simple because there are different stages of cosmos certified. The building is then, as the USGBC website says LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest commonsish building and performance measures.All certified projects receive a LEED plaque, which is the nationally recognized symbol demonstrating that a building is environmentally responsible, profitable and a anicteric place to live and work. (GBCI, 2008). The way that professionals achieve the ability to certify building is finished attending LEED specific classes that are offered on the USGBC website. The USGBCs website provides more different ways to become an accredited LEED professional. The offset way is through online courses that are self-paced learning. The second way is through in house seminars.The online extract offers three differen t classes to help increase an individuals intimacy. The first course is the 100 take, awareness. This course is highly recommended for anyone who wants to take the more ripe(p) 200 or 300 level courses. This course introduces a person to the principles of Green building and also serves as a base in which the person is able to build off of. The next Level of LEED certification is the 200 level, Understanding. In this level the person begins to take courses that deepen their knowledge of LEED and Green building.The first course on this level is the Essentials of LEED paid Accreditation. This course was developed for people getting ready to take the LEED Accredited Professional exam. The next two just help the person understand Green building even more. They are LEED for Homes Program Review and LEED for General Contractors/ structure Managers. The third and final level, 300 Level Application & Implementation offers several courses that offer courses that make the student apply the ir knowledge to real spiritedness situations and it challenges them to apply what they learned in the 200 level (GBCI, 2008).There are many different benefits that you tolerate achieve by being having a LEED Certification. It proves to many people that you see achieved your environmental goals. Having a LEED Certification way that you have many government incentives, marketing benefits, and increased property values, which potentiometer help, boost the presses interest in your current project. Building green can also greatly reduce the cost to construction managers and tenants (USGBC, 2008). There are four different levels of certification that you can achieve. These are Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum.Each level has its own special incentives to it. To gain a higher ranking you moldiness accumulate credits. To accumulate credits you must have certain standards in your projects that benefit the environment. These consist of sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality (GBCI, 2008). Green Buildings can help the earth in so many ways. Being certified means that you build more environmentally friendly, which means that building green friendly can reduce the proscribe effect buildings and operations have on the environment.Also green building greatly decreases the chances of fire, explosions, spills or splashes. Building green also reduces health problems much(prenominal) as allergies. Finally, if youre building green it calls for green cleaning. This means that the products apply in cleaning these green buildings are also very environmentally safe. For example a stain on a carpet is taken care of with a mild cleaner. This not only protects the environment but can also help protect the furnishings in the long run (USGBC, 2008). Commissioning is a prerequisite of the LEED process.Commissioning involves an outside team of individuals that is not part of the design and construction team. The area of responsibility is to ensure conformism of fundamental building elements and systems with the LEED guidelines. The estimate commissioning cost is to be in the range of 0. 5 percent to three percent of construction cost (DCD, 2008). LEED has certain requirements on architects and engineers because these designers must assess how a project could better(p) attain certification and prepare the design and specifications to reflect these surplus requirements.In either case, participating in the LEED process adds time and effort to the design and specification phase of a project. The estimate is that traditional design cost range from eight to twelve percent of construction costs, and then the additional design costs for green buildings are in the range of 0. 4 percent to 0. 6 percent of the total construction cost. A important weigh down of the LEED system is the need to document compliance with the several(a) criteria in order to submit a package to the GBC for rev iew and a decision on certification.This requires the establishment of a trailing and reporting system, which is ofttimes performed by a LEED consultant, rather than the design and construction team itself, and the tracking down of information that otherwise is not standard practice in specifying or sourcing systems and materials. The estimate of documentation and application fees as a destiny of total construction costs were found to be the costs averaged 0. 7 percent of construction costs with a range from 0. 05 percent for a very large project to 3. 8 percent for a very small one (DCD, 2008). Where is LEED certification taking the construction industry?So far, businesses and governments worldwide are taking advantage of going green and feel into LEED. Several LEED certified buildings have already been built, but the future for green buildings is just now getting started. The past decade in green building has been a revolution in the construction industry and has no indication of a slow down. With numerous grants available for LEED projects by Governments and green organizations, LEED certified buildings are becoming more realistic and within comely costs to construct. We are just in the dawning of the green age and things are just starting to catch on with LEED.With new technologies, techniques, and equipment being invented all of the time, going green is becoming easier faster (Botelho, 2007). As for the future of the LEED industry, Governments are now starting to place requirements on construction projects to fall out with their green specifications. Sometime in the future, every building constructed will have to meet Government specified codes that pertain to LEED. All of this is for the benefit of the environment and aims towards a better and healthier Earth (Botelho, 2007). In conclusion, LEED is taking the industry in a new direction and could someday be the standard for building any structure. Most professionals support the idea and there should be a take-off for green building in the near future. As for the cost, it ends up paying for itself over a period of time. LEED is proving more and more reasons why the construction industry needs to start adapting to the green future.

Langston Hughes Essay

Langston Hughes is considered to be unrivalled of the most influential source and poets of his cartridge clip. His works and masterpieces niftyly contri aloneed to the advancement of the Black literature. His journey from a small-time boy into a knowledge equal man is very inspiring. He wrote poems and stories that patently depict the culture and status of his race. Langston Hughes is a native of Missouri and had a humble beginning. From the start, his writing skills were already very visible precisely his fuss treasured him to become an engineer. He soon dropped out and decided to unfold his love affair with poetry.Instead, his travels abroad served a great deal of intensity for his work. When he came back, he moved to New York and became one of the movers in the Harlem rebirth of the 1920s. His travels opened his eyes for different culture in the human and at the same time, encompassing his roots. Harlem made a very deep advert on his writing style. Most of his poems are stimulate by the colour and jazz era in Harlem that is why many of which is written in rhythmical language and is nearly set into music. Furthermore, he also wrote plays and dramas that were present in New York.His plays touched some taboo topics. But consequently again, he also founded the first ever Black theater groups in New York. Aside from world a playwright, he was also a contributor for Baltimore Afro-American. In 1929, he received his bachelors horizontal surface and continued to be a great writer and poet all passim his generation (Langston Hughes (1902-1967)). Hughes is very influential non just in the black literature realm but also to the whole world. During the Harlem Renaissance, he was considered as one of its leading voices.Most of his works revolve around the great deal of discrimination and oppression that many African-American endured during the 1920s. His poems and gip stories more often than not reflect the actual state of the society in their t ime. Through his poems, he was capable to express his zealous viewpoints and sociopolitical protests. Most of the characters in his stories are found from a real person that he met while passing time in the many bars in Harlem. Through these characters, he was able to portray people who experiences racism and sexual conflicts. His environment was also a very gigantic influence on his stories, novels and poems.In his stories and essays, one ordain notice that he tell stories of violence in the south, the street sprightliness in Harlem, poverty, injustice, hopelessness and famine. Because of his poems, many politicians imagineed him as a Communist but in 1953, he attested to the Senate that he was and never is a Communist. But, as the conscientious artist that he is, he kept his ordinary daub and worked very hard to chronicle the experiences of an American black which normally is tell the splendor of the soul with the repressive conditions(Langston Hughes (1902-1967)).Hughes was not contented with just being regarded as a good writer. Besides that, what he really wanted was to capture the spirit of the ordinary man. With so much love and regard for his fellowmen and their culture, his specialty revolved around the daily way of life and situations of African Americans. All throughout his life, he exhausted every imaginable leap of media just to convey his observations and interpretations into a fine piece of literature. In his lifetime, Langston Hughes was able to achieve no other Black literary figure of his time was able to do.He not only wrote stories and poems but for every literary piece that he finishes, it embodies the dreams, bliss, laughter, rage, sadness and pride that any human feels (Sylvester). single of his earliest essays was entitled The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain. In this essay, he tells about Black artists and poets who would surrender racial pride in the name of a false integration. (Jackson) He reiterated that Black poets and writers preferred to be called poets rather than putting a color adjective before the word.For almost forty years, Langston Hughes became a very prolific writer with over a hundred essays, poems, plays and books under his belt. Even after his last days, Hughes did not attain up writing. Instead, he became a professor and lecturer. When he died of cancer in 1967, many people mourned. Even after his death, countless praises were bestowed upon his works and until now, it is considered to be one of the greatest forms of African-American literature in history. Even in another lifetime, Langston Hughes life and works is worth looking back. His life inspired countless people to fight for their rights and assert their places in the society.His essays, poems and stories became a strength in which many African-American were able to relate to because they were actually the subject. They byword themselves sin the characters that Hughes created. But more important than the technical contribut ions that he gave, he is praise-worthy for his courage to step up against the oppressor of their times. His works, particularly his poems depicts the struggles and emotions of the ordinary African-American in1920s. Furthermore, he is instrumental in the Harlem Renaissance in New York. He became one of the leading purveyors of Harlem art in New York.And through the different forms of media, he was able to convey the message of his fellow African-Americans to the world. Because of his poems, the world became aware of the rampart of the Blacks in America. Additionally, his poems are very straight to the point and simple but no matter how simple his poems may seem, it does not fall short on its messages. Truly, Langston Hughes deserves to be a part of the African-American culture not just in New York but all over the world not only for his great literary contributions but also as one of the voices in uplifting the image of African-Americans to the world.Referencehttp//www.redhotjazz.co m/hughes.html

P1 Identifying the Documents Used to Record Business Transactions

P1 Identifying the Documents Used to Record Business Transactions 1. Issue of a Purchase Order Apurchase order (PO)is scroll issued by the vendeeto the vendor, indicating types, quantities, and agreed tolls for products or operate the trafficker will add to the emptor. Sending a purchase order to a supplier is a legal offer to buy products or services. If the seller agrees to selling to the buyer it forms a contract between the two. It should hold * The order play, so it fag end be traced and paired with telephone circuit relationship lines and statements * The purchasers name and address which is usually across the middle of the put down * The price The name and address of the supplier * The catalogue/reference number * Authorisation i. e. touch and date * A description of the goods required The obstetrical delivery Address May Be Different Companies use Purchase Orders for several(prenominal) causes price * Purchase orders allow buyers to clearly and explicitly c ommunicate their intentions to sellers * Sellers ar protected in case of a buyers refusal to pay for goods or services * Purchase orders help a purchasing agent to manage accounting entry orders and pending ordersIf The Order Is non Properly Authorised It Will not Be Processed 2. spoken language Note This is the document is move with the goods. It lists the items which micturate been sent. The buyer uses this to check the goods ordered have arrived. It is signed by the buyer and it is indeed sent back to the seller as a proof of delivery. The person receiving the goods signs it afterwards checked the quantity of the goods delivered. Information on the Delivery Note * The method of delivery * Purchase order number * The signature of the person receiving the goods * The catalogue number and quantity The Price Is Usually Not On the Delivery Note 3. InvoiceAn handbill is a document issued by asellerto thebuyer, indicating theproducts, quantities, and agreedpricesfor products or servicesthe seller has provided the buyer. An invoice indicates the sale transaction only. Payment terms are usually include on the invoice. The buyer can also have a upper limit number of days in which to pay for these goods and is sometimes offered a terminate if paid before the collect date. This is probably the most important document. This is an formal request for payment. It includes * The WordInvoice * A Unique Reference phone number In Case Of Correspondence Ab step to the fore The Invoice * Date of the Invoice. revenue Payments * Name And Contact Details Of The Seller * Tax Or participation Registration Details Of Seller * Name And Contact Details Of The purchaser * Date That The Product Was Sent Or Delivered * Purchase Order count * Description Of The Products * Total Amount Charged optionally with breakdown of taxes, if pertinent * Payment Terms method of payment, date of payment, and enlarge about charges for upstart payment * The Purchase Order Number the i nvoice is checked against the goods ordered, the invoice and the goods delivered, the process is called marrying up. The buyer only pays if all three documents match exactly. Terms this informs the buyer how long before he has to pay for the goods. The heart of cash discount for fast payment will also be stated. * Carriage this states the cost of transportation the seller has to pay. Carriage forward manner how much the buyer has to pay for transportation * E OE errors and omissions expected this allows the seller to pass up any mistakes on the invoice at a posterior date. * Trade Discount this heart will be deducted from the invoice price e. g. buying in bulk. * Value Added Tax (VAT) this is added to the cost of the goods on the invoice. get word also Recording General Fund operate Budget and Operating TransactionsThe VAT registration number should be on the invoice, usually infra the name and address. * Invoice Number it will identify a peculiar(prenominal) invoice for the buyer and seller. Pro Forma Invoice VAT It means for forms sake. It is sent to a new customer, or an existing customer who has been late fashioning a payment It is sent to the buyer before the goods are delivered The details are the same as on an ordinary invoice. The goods are delivered after the payment has been made.When the goods are paid for a normal invoice is issued. It sets out charges which have to be paid in advance. Debit Note This is issued by the seller and sent to the buyer. It Is Essentially an Additional Invoice It is used to correct errors e. g. if goods were invoiced at a lower price than it should been or if some goods were everywhere charged. 4. Credit Note Acredit denounce is a document issued by asellerto abuyer. The seller usually issues a credit memo for the same or lower amount than the invoice, and then repays the money to the buyer or sets it off against a balance due from other transactions.A credit whole step lists the products, quantities and agreed prices for products or services the seller provided the buyer, but the buyer returned or did not receive. It may be issued in the case of damaged goods, errors or allowances. In respect of the previously issued invoice, a Credit Memo will reduce or eliminate the amount the buyer has to pay. Reasons for issuing a credit note * To correct a mistake e. g. being over charged * Goods are faulty or damaged * The goods were not delivered * The wrong goods were delivered Details on the credit note include The date * The original invoice number * Date * The reason credit is being given * The addresses of the buyer and seller It Is Often Printed In Red 5. Statement The seller sends all regular customers a statement at the end of the month. This Is a Copy of The Customers Accounts in The Sales Ledger. It lists all transactions with customers during the month * Any payments received * each invoices issued * It shows outstanding balance * Any credit note issued Details include * Date * Details of invoices issued * The name and address of the customers The customers account number * The name and address of the supplier * Any credit note issued * Any payments made * The amount outstanding i. e. the balance 6. Goods Received Note(GRN) This is an internecine document used by the buyer, usually in the stock section to record goods being delivered. Copies are sent to various parts of the business * The department that ordered the goods, to let them know that goods have arrived * The accounts department so they can marry the invoice, the purchase order and the GRN * The purchasing department who displace the order.

Character Analysis of Devdas in the Novel and Movie

subsequently his crocked family prohibits him from marrying the woman he is in passionateness with, Devdas Mukherjees flavour spirals still and further come to the fore of control as he takes up alcohol and a life of vice to numb the pain. An epic venerate story hang in the 1900s which reveals a portrait of love destroyed by assort differences, family pressures, and char proceeder weaknesses. Devdas is the wealthy son of a high- order landlord. His best friend ontogeny up, whom he loved dearly, was Paro, the daughter of a low-caste family.After moving to London, Devdas returns family later ten years to find that Paro is ab away to be unify off to a rich landowner. Devdas sinks into alcoholism, and is later visited by Paro who admits to still love him. Devdas film based on the Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay rawla Devdas. Devdas Mukherjee, is a slacker, though photosensitive and talented. His daily chore is to spend time with his childhood friend, Parvati, the Mukherjee s neighbor, who belongs to a conservative family. Devdas is sent away abroad so that he can amend himself.Several years, upon his return, things wear non changed, his dad still regards him as a slacker, though Devdas is welcomed by the rest of his family, the welcome could have been warmer had Devdas elect not to visit Parvati (Paro), rather than his own mother. Devdas and Paro ar in love, and trust to marry. But Devdas dad has other plans, vehemently opposing marriage to a lower caste family, and as a result Paro gets married to a much older widower with grown-up children her age, and Devdas leaves home, becomes an alcoholic, a womanizer, who is uneffective to get Paro out of his mind, loving and hating her at the same time.Devdas meets with courtesan, Chandramukhi, and ends up falling in love with her also, thus getting her a bad reputation. Then Paro decides to talk Chandramukhi out of getting Devdas away from alcohol, to which Chandramukhi agrees, yet the question body whether they will act in time to stop Devdas before he self-destructs. The joy-ride starts with all the incandescence and shine of a Hollywood classic, it sails through the emotions and ends up at the death.. so real and reality is the biggest plus of this great characterization. Its loud in dialogues as the feudal society of early 20th century in India was and is not overpowered with emotions s the people from that class should have been (expressive yet graceful). Technically it remains the best ever Indian film and virtuoso of the best more or less the world.Well done Bhansali. In playing Aish does wonders.. Madhuri has shown why she is the queen of the bollywood and Shahrukh caravan inn has reached where no Indian actor would have ever reached.. I have chit-chatn Dilip sahabs Devdas too and bowing to the greatness of Dilip Sahab let me say,Shahrukh did it better than him. Dialogues, sequences, frames, music and acting all there to give you a treat to watch.. movie in which one finds the glimpses of ones own life beautiful yet so real, sharp and sad Devdas, is telling us about love that end with tragedy, composing that has been revisited for m whatever times in many films. In this case, is not wonder considering that this film is the fourth version of Suraj Chandrachaterjees novel to make in to a film. We better not to talk about the plot, because its so typical (and sometimes could bored the viewers), b arly I must admit that technically, this film is superb. Visualizations of the scenes are breathtaking and make you dont have any complains about the plot.It seems that Sanjay Leela Bhansali try to rectify the old style of the Hindi films into a kind of an innovative and rich theatrical film. I always believe with Sanjays skill on guiding a movie (go watch Hum Dill De Chuke Sanam for instance). The score and goodish track is enchanting. The outfits is gorgeous and so with the sets. In the acting department, Aishwarya Ray is perfect. The playact ing diva once again shows her best performance, and much deserve for an award. Madhuri Dixit has the smallest role, solely she proves that she is the living legend.Meanwhile, the main character that plays by Shahrukh Khan, is applaud worthy but doesnt more that. Better luck next time Mr. Khan. This movie is an splendid portrayal of indian acculturation. It possess so much strength and sweetie and the characters act well. The characters suit each character perfectly and i thouroughly enjoyed the movie from beginning to end. The movie was very sad, but its a change from a normal hindi movie. Your heart soars for each of the characters at different stages of the movie. boilersuit this movie ruled, and i would watch it over and over again.Devdas A Byronic Bollywood scrapper Devdas by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay is one of the classics of Indian literary works, subject to many film adaptations in Indian cinema, including a recent psychedelic version of the story. Devdas deserves to b e fixed in the Norton Anthology alongside other great writers, due to its sad eponymous hero and the insights into Bengali life. Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was one of the leading literary deities of Bengal, he publish several books earlier Nishkriti, Charitraheen, Parineeta, and Srikanta, but his most famous novel is Devdas.Sarat Chandra was natural on September 15th, 1876 in Devanandapur, a village in westerly Bengal. He spent his childhood in poverty and was constantly change over from town to town in Bengal, and received little formal education. In his adulthood, he moved to Burma in 1903, and it was here that Sarat Chandra started move his novels and short stories to Calcutta journals. The reigning author during this time was Rabindranath Tagore, who had a rumoured rivalry with Sarat Chandra, whose novels were much more graspable and realistic for the reading masses of Bengal.It would be fitting to include Sarat Chandra to the order of literary productions due to his indelible mark on Indian literature with his un go awaytable character Devdas. His crowning achievement Devdas was written in 1901, and later published after some revisions in 1917, which included the more tragic ending to the novel. The novel tells the tragic love story of Devdas and Paro, childhood sweethearts tear apart when Devdas leaves for school in Calcutta, and when he returns Paro proposes they get married. Devdas, unable to hold up up to his parents, rejects her, and Paro is married off to a wealthy widower.Devdas, heartbroken after another rejection from Paro, returns to Calcutta and along with his friend Chunilal he seeks solace in alcohol and a courtesan Chandramukhi who falls for him. Devdas continues on his dangerous path until on his deathbed, when he travels to Paros home only to die alone at her doorstep. This tragic tale has stayed in the minds of readers because of its seminal hero that can promptly be identified in the subsequent films and novels featuring a self-destructive hero.Devdas is not a typical romantic hero, because he is unable to proclaim his love for Paro despite loving her dearly. In one scene in the novel, Paro boldly goes to Devdas in the night to propose their marriage, but Devdas is preoccupied with protecting her observe rather than facing up to the real reason she came to him, and answers with You must do it that my parents are dead against this? Parvati nodded she knew. She didnt say a word more. After what seemed handle an eternity, Devdas heaved a sigh and said, So then, why? (Pg36)This exchange highlights Devdas anti-hero standardized status, as he is unable to accept his love and rejects Paro, because of parental opposition. regular through earlier passages in the novel, we can tell Devdas loves Paro, but he cannot upset societal norms of marrying from another caste. After this scene, Devdas is chastised by his parents and he escapes to Calcutta, where he writes a letter of rejection to Paro claiming, A nother thing I had never tangle that I loved you tremendously even today. I cannot feel any deep well of sorrow in my heart for you Try to forget me, I pray that you succeed, (Pg39).This rash action by Devdas reveals his indecisive temperament as soon as he posts the letter he realizes he is actually in love with Paro. He then feels guilty for sending the letter, and muses, How would this arrow he had dispatched go and hit her? (Pg40), he later realizes his tomfoolery of upholding the narrow-minded views of the caste system, which an get upd man like Devdas can see is wrong. Devdas is a tragic character worth studying in literature because he is so inactive and indecisive in his love story, which sets fore his downward spiral.The reason he is indecisive is that the love of Paro and Chandramukhi is what drives the narrative, the situations when they confront Devdas is what develops him as a character. Devdas turns to drink when Paro rejects his proposal that they elope before her wedding, in indignation he strikes her brow, For take down Paro, I have merely left a mark for you to remember our last meeting,(Pg46), this moment solidifies their blood as the line of merchandise resembles the sindoor in the hair parting of a married Hindu woman.With this rejection, Devdas is demoralise and he willingly goes to the courtesan harem and drinks his sorrows away. Devdas begins to hate women and spurns Chandramukhi, who finds him charming in that location isnt a woman on earth who wouldnt get across herself this heaven, (Pg92) she muses of his company. Later Devdas begins to care for Chandramukhi but he cannot love her as he is still in love with Paro.He acknowledges his indecisiveness when he visits Chandramukhi, who has colonized down and given up her sinful life, saying, Perhaps Bou, you will erect like Paro because of me,(Pg116), the use of Bou, which means wife, highlights it is Chandramukhi who Devdas provides money and pleasure as a husband would. De vdas is one of the most complex characters of Indian literature, because the choices he makes are detrimental for all involved in the love triangle, as he pines for Paro whom he rejected, and Chandramukhi whom he also grows to like is denied by him because her low status.Devdas self-destructive tendencies occur because he feels like a victim of the situations that he has created for himself. Sarat Chandra does not describe characters but puts them in difficult situations to which the reader has to infer into the character, as Devdas has become an identifiable figure in the many movie adaptations or of characters that pine for unfulfilled love. Devdas is a novel to be studied in a literature class because of the strong women that shape his character.Devdas is an important novel to be included in a Norton Anthology book, because of the social conventions of Indian life affect the narrative. Devdas belongs to zamindari/landlord family and Paros family live and work on their land. When Paros nan broaches the subject of Paro and Devdas marriage to his mother, she rejects this notion, The Chakravatys was a trading household. And they lived next door. Oh shame (Pg24) the class differences are ironically the aspect, which separates the two lovers as opposed to caste differences as both families are Brahmins. Sarat Chandra uses the differences to aid in separating the lovers, as Devdas is unable to face opposition from his parents and rejects Paro. Class differences also tear apart the burgeoning relationship between Chandramukhi and Devdas, as she is a fallen woman who Devdas cannot possibly train social norms to live with.Chandramukhi nurses Devdas back to health, when she spots him during a drinking saturnalia once Devdas is healed, she asks to be his nurse, but he will not resign his name to be disrespected as Chandramukhi realizes, She could help Devdas regain his health, she could give him pleasure, but she could never give him respectability, (Pg116). The no vel set in colonialist India, makes no evoke of British rule other than the Devdas who is dressed smartly and smokes a tubing when he returns from Calcutta after his studies.Sarat Chandra used his novels to highlight social problems of Bengali life, and in Devdas, he makes light of the issue of dowry. Paro, who is of age to be married at 13, and born into a poorer household, her father, rejects the social practise, But Nilkantha-babu abhorred this practise. He had no heading of selling Parvati and making money on the transaction, (Pg23) Sarat Chandra here reveals that daughters should not be sold as if making a business deal for marriage.Devdas is one of the only novels where Sarat Chandra does not make an explicit social point to educate his readers, as he leaves the novel as an open text where readers may form their own opinions on the predicament of the eponymous hero. Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyays Devdas would be a suitable addition to a literature book like the Norton Anthol ogy, because he created the classic self-destructive hero for Indian cinema and, the master source would be a good companion to the films. Devdas is a paying attention novel that allows readers to make their own judgement of the hero, and gain insights into Bengali culture during the 1900s.