'Functional Styles\r'

'Scientific prose vogueOratorical sub- personal mannerPublicistic styles Pragmatic aimto prove a hypothesis, to produce new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations amongst diametric phenomena. is to exert influence on national opinion, to convince the listener that the reading given by the speaker is the only correct one and to find him to pay the point of view evince in the lecture not merely by discursive argumentation, but by stirred magical spell as hearty. o exert influence on domain opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to ca give him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, demonstrate or article not merely by ratiocinative argumentation, but by emotional appeal as well Situation of applicationThe genre of scientific works is in the main geniusistic of the written fashion model of phrase (scientific articles, m onographs or text editionbooks), but it may also be found in its oral mould (in scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc. The rhetorical sub- style is mapping in cosmos speeches on governmental and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn make as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law. The publicistic style is theatrical roled in public speeches and printed public works which atomic calculate 18 addressed to a broad audience and give to important social or political events, public problems of cultural or moral character.Phonological featuresA group of just about learned scripts drawn from the Romance languages and, though fully adapted to the English phonetic establishment, nigh of them continue to levelheaded strangely foreign. Their very sound seems to create mazy associations: deleterious, emollient, incommodious, meditation, illu sionary. work of exclamations to attract listener’s attention. Use of a strong unit of ammunition and a clear rising + falling inflection sequence, convey a sense of rhetorical power, geomorphological control, and semantic completeness.They argon large-mindedly intentiond in formal writing. And they argon especially common in political speeches, whither the third item provides a finish of expression which crowd out act as a cue for applause. Use of exclamations to attract listener’s attention. Semantic featuresSemantic accuracy. Words are used in their primary logical meaning. Hardly a genius news program exit be found here which is used in more than one meaning. Nor will there be any words with contextual meaning. Even the possibility of ambiguity is avoided.The stylistic devices occupied in the oratorical style are unyielding by the conditions of communication. An antithesis is frame in by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are go with by re petition, while a climax enkindle be formed by repetitions of different kinds. The stylistic devices employed in the oratorical style are determined by the conditions of communication. An antithesis is framed by parallel constructions, which, in their turn, are accompanied by repetition, while a climax can be formed by repetitions of different kinds.Grammatical featuresnominal character ( the predominance of nouns over verbs) in the use of split of speech, the use of prepositional â€Å"of-phrases” to substitute the genitive case, shift of the classes of nouns, all-encompassing use of the Passive Voice, Indefinite Tenses, metier of pronouns in demonstrative and intensification functions, numerous conjunctions bring oning the logical order of the text as well as double conjunctions ( not merely… but also, whether … or both… and, as… s), adverbs of logical fellowship ;Use of the initiatory person pronoun we; 2nd person pronoun you: We defecate th ese Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unassignable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness…(Th. Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence). The use of contractions I’ll; won’t; haven’t; isn’t and differents. Use of Figures of Repetition and intensification. Use of the 1st person pronoun we; 2nd person pronoun you. The use of contractions I’ll; won’t; haven’t; isn’t and others.Use of Figures of Repetition and intensification. Stylistic usage of morphological forms. style usedhighly specialized scientific words, terminological groups, revealing the conceptual systems of the scientific style, the peculiarities of the use of terms in scientific speech, the use of nouns and verbs in abstract meanings, special prolongation words, scientific choice of words †cliches, stereotyped and hackneyed word combinations and idioms, antecedence of neutral phraseology, limitations in the use of emotional- appraising(prenominal) and expressive vocabulary and phraseology, absence of on-literary vocabulary and phraseology ( slang words, vulgarisms, obscene words) , peculiarities in word- building (standard suffixes and prefixes, primarily of Greek and Latin origin †tele-, morpho, philo- -ism, etc. , peculiarities in the scarce use of imaginativeness (usually trite and hackneyed, the priority of the functions of intensification and decoration, non-systematic, narrow contextual character, absence of rich associations, stately and generalized character)The oratory is usually characterized by emotional colouring and connotations. The vocabulary of speeches is usually elaborately elect and remains generally in the sphere of elevated style.Use of of neutral and bookish vocabulary, wide use of language means to actualize chronotop ( graceful and geographical names, abundance of statistics, toponymic and proper names, facts and data), means of evaluation, neologisms, social political terminology, a dandy add up of loan-words and international words, use words and word-combinations of other styles ( especially, conversational), against the general background of the bookish style vocabulary, including terminology as well as means of imagery to increase expressiveness / trite metaphors, metonymies, personification, metaphorical paraphrases, metaphorical use of terminology/, newspaper terms: newspaper vocabulary and cliches (journalese and bookish), decomposition of phraseological units. Word-building: loan suffixes and prefixes as well as combination of words;Morphological featuresSingular forms indicate mainly impossibility of referring number notion to the phenomena which are expressed by word-forms, so here weakening of number meaning takes place, because the form belongs to the abstract nounsThe use of the singular number of nouns in their joint meaning, plural number for t he definition of generalization, wide use of the superlative academic degree of adjectives in order to reveal expressiveness as well as the use of adjectives-colouratives, halt and evaluation of the use of numerals, adjectives and participles. The use of the singular number of nouns in their collective meaning, plural number for the definition of generalization, wide use of the superlative degree of adjectives in order to reveal expressiveness as well as the use of adjectives-colouratives, substantiation and evaluation of the use of numerals, adjectives and participles. Syntactical featuresAverage designate continuance (7-52 words) narmal academic writing.Priority of full, logically correct, regular syntactical models, the sentence structure of artless sentence in the scientific speech †extensive use of extended two-member sentence, priority in the use of compound sentences, extensive use of secondary winding predicative constructions ( multifactorial Object, Participial and Gerundial Constructions), wide use of conjunctions and denominative prepositions, concise expression of syntactical connection in word combinations, sentences, groups of sentences, absolute priority of asserting(a) sentences in the use of communicative types of sentences; Use of complex sentence structure, complex, composite and simple extended sentences, sentences in umteen cases make up the whole paragraphs, a wide use of attributive groups, and infinitives, participles, gerunds and constructions with them, use of syntactical complexes (Complex Object, Complex Subject), Nominal positive Participial Constructions, specific word order.Average sentence length (9-11words) and average degree of complexity in the sentence structure. Wide use of declarative sentences. The use of questions, exclamatory sentences for the sake of expressiveness. Publicistic style is characterized by coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and careful pa ragraphing. Use of complex syntax, complex, composite and simple extended sentences, sentences in many cases make up the whole paragraphs, a wide use of attributive groups, and infinitives, participles, gerunds and constructions with them, use of syntactical complexes (Complex Object, Complex Subject), Nominal Absolute Participial Constructions, specific word order.Means of expressive syntax: inversions, parallelism, antithesis, parcellation, gradation, isolation, different types of the authors words presentation and conversational constructions, different patterns in the use of homogeneous parts of the sentence †double, three-element and multi-element; Types of texts (see Morokhovskiy)According to the type of discourses it can be scientific, but touristy scientific style which combines the features of scientific and belles-lettres styles can also existTransactionalThe expository text type, Mass Media text type Genres of texts (see Morokhovskiy)The genre of scientific works is mostly characteristic of the written form of language (scientific articles, monographs or textbooks), but it may also be found in its oral form (in scientific reports, lectures, discussions at conferences, etc. ); in the latter case this style has some features of colloquial speech. Transactional genreExpository genre Conclusion unlike scolars subdivide functional styles in different port for example the classification of I. R. Galperin, M. D. Kuznets, I. V. Arnold , A. N. Morokhovsky in some aspects are the same but in other the differs, and the same we have with the division of the genres and text types.\r\n'