Functional Microeconomic Models Of Competition Essay

The purpose of the author is to develop a theoretical framework, evolved from basic microeconomic models of competition, to highlight six streams relevant to competitive dynamics in the chronological order of the level of research- competitive action and response, first-mover advantage, co-opetition, multipoint competition, strategic groups and regional clusters. The author then discuss the challenges related with each research streams and areas of overlap and disagreement within them and outline associated research opportunities both within and across the streams. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND The main goal of strategic management research is to underline how competitive moves help firms develop long-term advantage and improve performance (Hitt, Boyd Li, 2004). But each move does not take place in isolation. Each move must be coordinated with other moves and must evaluate the response it will generate from competitors. The authors then indicated how competitive interactions could be both destructive and threatens survival, as well as constructive and enhance firm success. The authors then defined each research streams. Competition action and response means how a firm’s action will affect their customers and can generate rival’s reaction too. First-mover advantage considers the role of timing and order of actions and responses. Co-opetition is the process wherein two or more firms compete and cooperate with each other simultaneously. Multipoint competition refers to a situationShow MoreRelatedGovernment and Market Failure Essay1687 Words   |  7 Pageschara cterized by resource misallocation and subsequent Pareto inefficiency. Just as the invisible hand falters, so is the case that the unregulated markets are incapable of solving all economic problems. 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The International Convention Of Civil And Political Rights

Robert Hutchings PS 387 Sp 16 Final Paper An Analysis On The International Convention Of Civil and Political Rights Introduction: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights was encouraged from the level of conflict and lack of human rights internationally occurring during the World War II. World War II brought about a great amount of concern for encouraging and promoting human rights. The covenant explicitly focuses on the human rights that are expressed in order for the States, signed and ratified under this, to be required to abide by. This covenant was signed by the President, but why wasn’t it ratified until years later? What obligations made did the covenant require its States to commit and promote? This analysis on this covenant will explain what it addresses and more that concern its history and utter importance amongst its U.S. affiliation. Convention Background: The International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights was thought of during the mid 1900’s, after World War II. The lack of human rights during this international war brought about a great deal of consideration for human rights and how it is applied amongst the States. It was proposed and introduced during the time the United Nations Charter was ratified. The United Nations Charter urges the commitment to promote international human rights. With that ratified and in place, additional other covenants based on human rights were added to be signed and ratified. â€Å"In the middle of theShow MoreRelatedThe International Convention On Civil And Political Rights : A Critical Analysis1107 Words   |  5 PagesEnforcement Mechanism under International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: A critical Analysis: The international Convention on Civil and Political Rights which is a multilateral treaty came to be adopted by the United Nations on 19th of December 1976, same of which came into force on 23rd of March, 1976 as according to Article 49 the Treaty was to come into force three months after the deposit of thirty fifth instrument of ratification or accession with the Secretary General of United NationsRead MoreFair Trial Advantages1242 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: The right to a fair trial is one of the fundamental guarantees of human rights and the rule of law, aimed at ensuring the proper administration of justice. 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E-Commerce and Csr Issues free essay sample

These challenges revolve around four main issues: security, privacy, identity and transaction non-refutability. There is no doubt that a new ethical dilemma has arisen and these authors propose two universal principles that must be upheld by internet commerce. The first ethical challenge of internet commerce is security, commonly referred to as â€Å"hacking†, ‘cracking†, or â€Å"page jacking†. Internet security breaches involve trespassing or breaking into computer networks, websites, and mailboxes. Hackers will steal information from confidential files, steal services or damage a system by swamping a PC, a server or a network. The second ethical challenge relates to privacy, which involves protecting the collection, storage, processing, disseminating and destruction of personal information. They continue that no one is anonymous on-line and what is nirvana for direct marketers is a nightmare for any consumer who wants to protect his or her privacy. On-line advertising can be targeted with great precision today, thanks to â€Å"cookies†, a mall text files that companies install on the hard drives of people who visit their sites in order to tract their profiles and browsing habits. We will write a custom essay sample on E-Commerce and Csr Issues or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Protecting on-line consumers in any web transaction is a great challenge. Despite the fact of privacy protection promise by various organization selling products on-line and the public sector initiative, privacy can never be absolute in any sense of it after all. The third ethical challenge is protecting identity of a person’s â€Å"virtual† identity, which makes identity theft or impersonation a serious problem. While consumers shop online, there is a probability that some else will steal another person’s credit card information and his or her identity. Another final leg of the challenges is non-refutability, this relates to verifying ransaction or ‘what really happened’ on-line. According to the authors, in 1999, there was a published story in Bloomberg financial news website announcing the acquisition of a major telecommunication manufacturer, and the news triggered a buying spree, but it was finally discovered that the story was not true. Some hackers copied Bloomberg’s masthead and published the rumor on-line. Verifying the digital signature, identity and authenticity is very critical before any information is assimilated. The two principles that should serve as guidelines are 1. Principle of on-line/off-line consistency when it comes to evaluating behavior. The basic ethical and legal standards that govern human conduct in the physical world must apply equally in cyberspace. 2. The second principle is technological neutrality. Nothing that the networked devices do by themselves has any ethical significance independently of the actions of a human agent and the intention inherent in those actions. Drawing from the authors, the main ethical value of e-commerce lies on the fact that increased market efficiency will ultimately work to the advantage and greater welfare of the on-line users. McGraw (1999) states that the four principles for any company engaging in e-commerce is 1. The principle of notice: tell customers what information an organization is collecting-and what is to be done with it. 2. Choice: adopt a policy with a procedure by which customers can choose not to have their information shared outside an organization. 3. Security: give customers confidence that their information is safe from tampering, theft and misappropriation and misuse. 4. Review and correction: give customers a way to see what information has been collected from them-and a means to correct any errors in that data. These four basics make a solid privacy policy-one that is understandable, defensible and acceptable to most consumers. References Alejo, S. , Joan, F. R. (2005). Ethical challenges of e-commerce. Journal of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility. IESE Publication. McGraw, H. (1999). Managing the privacy revolution; E-commerce is a global issues, v (65)8, 240-243. City News Publishing Company.

Vicki hearne vs peter singer comparison essay free essay sample

A quick comparison to Vicki Hearne’s â€Å"What’s Wrong with Animal Rights? † to Peter Singer’s â€Å"Speciesism and Moral Status†, might indicate Hearne’s argument is stronger due to her strategic and effective use of emotional appeals (i. e. pathos). These appeals allow Hearne to connect quickly and easily with her audience. Hearne is also quite clever in terms of stressing her occupation as an animal trainer. However, after a swift comparison of the two articles, it is evident that Singer’s â€Å"Speciesism and Moral Status† offers readers a stronger and more valid argument. Both Singer and Hearne are arguing their position on animal rights and the extent of human involvement. Since Hearne’s article is primarily based on her attempt to persuade her audience through an (overwhelming amount of) emotional appeals, and the use of irrelevant and somewhat confusing anecdotes, her article fails to provide concise, factual, real-world evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Vicki hearne vs peter singer comparison essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This causes the reader to find many contradictions and loopholes in her argument. Singer, alternatively, supports his argument with well-researched facts and relevant references. Therefore, Singer’s article is ultimately more successful. In short, I will argue that Singer is able to argue much more effectively and convincingly his position through the use of facts, as well as the use of relevant references. Vicki Hearne argues that an animal’s happiness the responsibility of humans, and comes from â€Å"satisfactions that come from work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (59). As well as the notion that animal rights are incorrect and in fact do the opposite of making the animals quality of life better. She evidently believes that animals are entitled to a pursuit of happiness (as she compares to the US Declaration of Independence). This is ultimately achieved by being domesticated, put to some sort of work or training regime, and able to live a longer life (in comparison to the lifespan of a wild animal) by reaping the benefits of medicine and a social life. Through the abundant use of ethos and pathos appeal, she attempts to reinforce her argument that animal rights are wrong. Hearne emphasizes her occupation as an animal trainer, in supporting her claim as to knowing the true key to an animal’s happiness. She even goes to label the Humane Society the pound, the place with the decompression chamber or the lethal injections. † (61) as she attempts to influence the readers emotional side. In â€Å"Speciesism and Moral Status†, Peter Singers argument is that when it comes to the value of life, we should not discriminate in regards to species, and cognitive ability should play some role in moral status. In comparison to humans with â€Å"profound mental disabilities† (Singer 569), the use of the gorilla Koko’s higher IQ score, not needing constant supervision, or border collies being able to provide useful work to society, serves as a strong logos appeal regarding the relationship between cognitive ability and moral status. Singer is effectively able to support his claims by continuously referencing respected philosophers and individuals such as Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, and even Pope John Paul II. Validity and integrity are very much solidified in Singers article with the use of counter arguments as well as alternate views to his own arguments. The structure and information Singer provides is clear and organized, and does not leave his audience confused due to the strong use of factual, relevant support of his argument. In Vicki Hearne’s article, some may agree with the argument she makes as her pathos appeal may be sufficient in engaging with the emotional side of the reader and creating a personal connection. However, significant contradictions can be found throughout her work, making Singers argument the stronger of the two. We cannot know for sure what makes a non-human animal happy, or what they consider â€Å"satisfaction† as we cannot comprehend the level of consciousness which they possess. She relies heavily on the assumption that because she is an animal trainer, this is enough validity for her arguments without providing any facts or reliable findings. Singer clearly addresses his argument, explains in detail his reasoning for why he holds this position, and provides trustworthy evidence (such as the use of findings from the American Association on Intellectual and developmental Disabilities, to support his claim of Koko the gorilla) which cannot be denied. Singer’s successful use of logos provides the audience with a strong, rich, and easy to understand argument opposed to the overwhelming use of pathos and ethos exhausted throughout Hearne’s work. Thus demonstrating that the strongest, most effective articles, are successful when facts, logic, and relevant references are used as the premise of the argument.