Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers A light travels in straight lines as we know it is highly impossible to make it follow a curved path to glimmer around corners. In 1970s there was a great improvement and faster growing in fibre optics communications. The main idea of light in communication system is evolved from simple signal fires and lamps. Claude chappe has a first modern attempt in optical telegraph built in the 1790s.The first problem was alleviated with the advent of semiconductor age, the semiconductor laser invented by Theodore maiman in 1962 LED(light emitted diode) is improved in optical fibre which solved the problem o0f passing light through air. The communications through optical fibre was proposed in 1966 by Charles Kao and Charles Hockham of the standard telecommunication laboratory in England. In the past few decades many technologies are introduced among them optical fibre communication is the best communication system. The main components of optical fibre are core, cladding and coating. The main duty of core is, it carries a light from transmitter to receiver. Core: It is a smallest part in optical fibre communication system. It is very delicate optical fibre cable Generally it is made up of plastic or glass. The core made up with glass is mixed with pure silicon dioxide other impurities like germanium or phosphorous. These impurities are added to improve the refractive index at certain conditions The range of glass core is from 3.7 µ to 200 µ. 1.48 is the refractive index of core The core made with plastic is larger than glass. Cladding: It is the protective and surrounded layer of core. It provides the low reflective index. In glass cladding the core and cladding is made with same material Different quantity of impurities is added to both core and cladding in order to make a difference in refractive index among them is about 1%. 1.46 is the refractive index of cladding 125 µ and 140 µ are the standard cladding diameters Coating: This is the main protective layer for the entire optical fibre. It protects the optical fibre from shocks and other external damages. Coating has an outside diameter of either 250 µ or 500 µ. Coating is colour less but to identify the coating in some applications it is coloured. 2) Advantages of Fiber optics: The band width of optical fibre is very high when compared with other communications. To increase band width in fibre optics is very easy. Data transmission is very fast in fibre optics. We can transmit data to longer distances without any noise. It is very difficult to tap the information because it is much secured. 3) Disadvantages of Fiber optics: Installation of fibre optics is very cost. When we face any problem with fibre optics we require special test equipment. Communication with fiber optic cable is more cost when compared with different broad band connection costs. In rural areas fiber optic communications are very less, in these days this is one of the main disadvantage of fiber optic. 4) Fibre Optic Losses: Due to bending and breaking of optical fibre cables losses are occurred in fibre optics. Mainly there are two types. Intrinsic losses. Extrinsic losses. 4.1) Intrinsic losses: A slight variation from one fibre to another fibre even manufactured with in specified tolerances. Losses are occurred by these variations. In Intrinsic losses there are four types of losses. They are NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatch losses. Core diameters mismatch losses. Concentric mismatch losses. Elliptical mismatch losses. Cladding diameter mismatch loss. 1) NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatches losses: If there are two optical fibres are repaired we are connecting them with splices during this connection mismatches are occurred because the cone of acceptance in the receiving fiber cannot gather the complete light emitted by the transmitting fiber. This means the light is not travelling completely. This mismatch loss is known as numerical aperture mismatch loss. 2) Core diameter mismatch losses: The difference between the core diameters is the reason of this loss. When the transmitting core greater than the receiving core or transmitting core is lesser than the receiving core light is not completely travelling. This type of mismatch is called as Core diameter mismatch losses. 3) Concentric mismatch losses: In ideal conditions the core the core and cladding are concentric, that means a single geometric centre is shared between them. The fibre core is likely to be offset by a slight amount from the cladding centre. In fiber cores when the transmitting and receiving are non concentric. They will not meet exactly and the light coming from the transmitting fiber is lost. 4) Elliptical mismatch losses: If the fiber cores not the perfectly circular and fiber cores and cladding are not perfectly concentric this types of losses are occurred. The transmitting optical fiber core is not match with receiver core. 5) Cladding diameter mismatch loss. If the diameter of the cladding are not same on the both fiber optics. This type of mismatch is occurred. This means the transmitter light is not completely sending to receiver core. 4.2) Extrinsic losses: Generally in an ideal optical fibre the cores are centred on each other they are placed at 90 degrees angle to their faces. The ends should be in firm contact. Any miss arrangement in these conditions can cause some loses in the signal. There are three types of extrinsic losses. Lateral displacement. End separation. Angular misalignment. 1) Lateral displacement: If the centres of core of two optical fibers are do not match this loss may occur. If the displacement increases less light from the transmitting fiber makes its way into the receiving fibre. A little amount of displacement is acceptable in larger fibers because the majority of the core s surface area is still in contact. In smaller fibers a slight offset can place the centre of the transmitting core entirely outside of the receiver core. 2) End Separation: The end separation loss is due to Fresnel reflection, it takes place when the light passes from fiber refractive index into the air and vice versa. In refractive index each and every change causes an amount of reflected light and therefore the loss is occurred. 3) Angular Misalignment: The optical signal will suffer from these losses when the fibers meet an angle. The solution for this loss is to arrange the fibre end properly that the both ends are in the same line during splicing. 4.3) Major causes of losses: Absorption loss. Scattering loss. Linear scattering losses. Non Linear scattering losses. Coupler losses. Insertion losses. Reflection losses. Impurity losses. Macro bending and micro bending losses. Packing fraction loss. Absorption loss : Absorption loss is occurred by the impurities in the fiber it self such as water and metals. Material absorption losses: Material absorption losses are occurred by absorption of photons within the fiber these losses represent a fundamental minimum to the attainable loss. Intrinsic absorption losses: Interaction with more than one component with glass leads to the intrinsic absorption loss. Scattering loss: I couples energy guided to radiation modes which causes the energy losses from the fiber. If there is a core diameter irregularity in fiber access direction also a reason of scattering losses. Linear Scattering loss: The quantity of light power is transferred from wave is directly proportional to the power in the wave it also causes by inhomogeneties in the glass when the size of it smaller than wave length. Non linear scattering loss: If the electric field with in the fiber has high values then it leads to the presence of non linear scattering ,it also causes when significant power is scattered in all the directions. Coupler loss: The fiber optics coupler are active or passive devices the coupling loss in optical fiber is defined as, = output power =inputpower Connection losses increased by fiber to fiber connection due to the following sources of intrinsic and extrinsic. Mainly we have four types coupling losses 1.Reflectionlosses. 2.Fiber separation. 3.Fiber misalignment. 4.Fiber mismatch Insertion losses: Insertion losses are combination of coupling loss and additional fibre losses. If joints of fiber can increased the attenuation of fibre this is done in multimode operation. Fiber joints can leads to the second order mode in single mode fiber. Reflection losses: Light waves of reflection and transmission occur because frequency do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of object. Impurity losses: The first source of impurities material in glass fibre is metallic ions, the loss due to this reduces the contribution below 1DB/KM. Macro and microbending losses: These loss may occur due to sharp bend in fibre, to produce high losses a short length of optical fibre is to be bend, as tight as the fibre optic the losses are worst. The major problem in macro losses is in the hands of the installer.The losses in micro bends is same as the macro bands but it just differs in the size and cause. The radius is equal or less then the diameter the outer layer will shrink and get shorter when the fibre is too cold, fibre optic cables are available with a range of temperatures from C to C. Macrobend Microbend Packing fractin losses: Single emitter sometimes uses a bundle of fibres, if claddings are in contacts many fibres are packed together. Large area source can match a large bundle in order to eliminate area mismatch loss. Small sources can emit less like than the larger once , in single fibre larger one has more power to couple into a bundle than into a single fibre. Fibre optic as a sensor: Sensor provide link to interface between the electronic units and physical world the sensor can detect physical and chemical qualities such as temperature, pressure, vibration, flow , acceleration, proximity,and chemical concentrations. A basic sensor is made upof a light source(laser or led), a length of fibre and optical detector. Fibre optic itself acts as a sensor by varying he intensity of light these measurements are done. Only the source and the detector is required in the sensors hence it is very simpler. Based on the performance characteristics there are four different types of sensors they are 1. Extrinsic sensors. 2. Intrinsic sensors. 3. Fibre bragg grating (FBG sensors). 4. Long period grating sensor. Extrinsic sensor: In extrinsic sensors the outside part of the fibre undergoes to the sensing effect. The fibre acts as a collection system in light delivery. For example a chemical sensor utilizes a sensitive material on the tip, light is passà © through the fibre and reflected back. In the chemical solution as the concentration changes the tip properties may change and the reflection of the light also changes which gives the measure of chemical concentration. Intrinsic sensor: In intrinsic sensor the changes takes place within the fibre. The change is outside the fibre and the fibre remains unchanged when the intrinsic sensor is in contract to extrinsic sensors. For example when a fibre with ruff surfaces is placed between two plates, the fibre is pressed by the plates when the pressure increases the attenuation of the fibre increases due to this. Bend and micro bend sensor: Bent in a optical fibre leads to a portion of propagating light beam along the bend is incident at angles must be smaller than the critical angle by which attenuation, this can be used for sensing measure load and stream are found by this mechanism, lose of power occurs if any load lead to a bending of fibre. This measure gives the distribution of strain and load with the use of lost power. A series of random bends and small bends along the fibre is known a micro bending. It acts as a coupling between cladding and core modes in a single mode fibre and between multimode fibre. Fibre bragg grating(FBG Sensor): TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN: To measure sensing mechanical strain, temperature and acceleration we use FBG sensors. Parameters that changes any of these results in a change in reflected wavelength, these changes when measured, sensing or external perturbations can be done. Long period grating sensor: Periodic perturbations along the length of the fibre with periods greater than hundred micro meters which includes coupling between the light propagating in core and cladding is long period grating. Cladding code influence the power transmitter through the fibre used to find the refractive index when there is any change in the medium around the fibre. Interferometric sensors: # In this the light is transmitted through to fibres. one of them (reference arm) isolated from environment and its properties are constant. And another fibre (measure arm) is exposed to parameter during sensing. The face of the light is changed by the parameters. The interferometric sensors has the greatest sensitivity and it has highest performance capabilities. The Interferometric sensor. ( John F.R, 1997, pp-543). ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SENSORS: It allows an access to normally inaccessible areas of interest. It is an non-electrical. Due to small size and less weight of the sensors it effective in cost. It has high sensitivity. It has high reliability. It is very easy to install. Transmitter: Transmitter converts electrical signal into light signal. It has two functions Light emitter Regulator Light emitter: It works as a soirce of light coupled into optical cable. Regulator: It modulates the light to represent the binary data. Light emitting diode: The transmitter are directly modulate when the drive current passed through the LED is varied. The power is directly proportional to the current flowing in the LED. According to the applications the drive currents is measured. The drive current is switched on and off in digital applications. And the current is varied in Analog application. The LED transmitter is packed with the receiver since the space is reduced and simplifies the circuit designing which reduces the cost. Characteristics of the LED: Recommended operating conditions. Electrical characteristics Optical characteristics Data rate Recommended operating conditions: It describe the temperature and voltage ranges that device can operate in without damage. Without any fluctuations the maximum and minimum operating temperatures can be measured. Electrical characteristics: It describes.. the required supply current Data output voltages Signal detect output voltages Rise fall times Optical characteristics: It includes Minimum optical input power Maxcimum optical input power Operating wavelength

Journey of the Magi :: Literary Analysis, T.S Eliot

â€Å"Journey of the Magi† is a poem by T.S Eliot extracted from the Ariel poems and published in 1930. It is a dramatic monologue of one of the Magi telling us about his expedition throughout Palestine to find the Christian messiah: Jesus Christ. Through the narrator’s dramatic monologue, Eliot treats the envisioning of reality, usually distorted by the human mind. In the poem, the travelers witness something that changes their reality forever. How does this monologue illustrate the narrator’s envision of his experience traveling through Palestine? In order to analyze the narrator’s perception of his past journey, I will precede with the study of Eliot’s poem by a linear analysis. In his dramatic monologue, Eliot uses vivid understanding of the three Kings journey by the use of imagery. The different use of details guides the reader to use his imagination about a Biblical reference of more than 2,000 years ago. The narrator starts his story by describing the climate challenges encountered: â€Å"A cold coming we had of it.† He uses the diction of winter: â€Å"cold, winter, snow†, combining visual and tactile senses for the reader to experience the difficulties faced by the three wise men. The narrator is generally very negative about what he encounters during his trip. He uses pejorative vocabulary in order describes the season: â€Å"Just the worst time of the year†. (v.2) â€Å"deep and sharp weather† (v.4) â€Å"the very dead of winter† (v.5). Not only the Three Kings seem to be tired and upset about their adventure, but their camels as well. They were â€Å"lying down in the melting snow† (v.7) â€Å"galled, sore -footed and refractory†. The role of this enumeration is to insist on the animal’s physical fatigue and also to show that both human and animals were affected by the weather conditions. In the second half of the first stanza, the narrator describes summer in the different cities he and the other kings traveled. By taking track of the seasons, the Magi inform the reader about the length of his Palestine journey. The transition from winter to summer setting is smoothly made by the verse: â€Å"There were times we regretted.† (v.8), which exemplifies the Magi’s envision of his experience. The challenges of the trip were so great and unexpected that most of the times tempted the three Kings to give up on their mission in finding the Messiah. The Magi depicts palaces, terraces, sherbet (a central Asia’s sorbet) and silken girls to help the reader visualize the places he passed by.

Was World War I a total war? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Was World War One a total war? Why? Why not? The First World War of 1914-1918, also known as the Great War, was the first total war in history. What began as a European struggle over the balance of power between the triple alliance of France, Britain and Russia on one side and the central powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary on the other, soon became a global conflict that involved the imperial powers of Europe, their colonies and lands such as the Ottoman Empire, Japan and the United States. Although the sheer number of countries involved in the conflict is enough to describe the First World War as a mass war, what makes it total is the fact that it was waged not only against the enemy’s armies, but also against the civilian population. Military attacks, the use of propaganda and the fact that governments had to mobilise every available human and material resource for the conduct of war affected non-combatants and made World War One a war not fought between armies, but entire societies. Civilians became targets of warfare because their efforts were crucial to the outcome of the war. While fifteen million soldiers died , untold millions suffered off the battlefield. One weapon that had a major effect on warfare in 1914-1918 was the submarine. Since all Britain’s supplies were seaborne, enemies such as Germany resorted to starving the population by destroying British supply ships. The British also found it an effective tactic to blockade supplies to Germany, starving the German war economy and population. Air raids were also a reality for citizens and the general populace had to be ready for the enemy to strike at any time. Attacks were not always so random. An Armenian woman tells of her experiences of being taken from her city with her children, knowing that she was going to be killed - â€Å"I was in the last caravan to leave the city; we knew they were leading us to our deaths†¦there was a well wide open where the executioners immediately threw the wo men they were stabbing.† This is an example that shows how women and children suffered in a conflict that many did not understand or want to be a part of. The use of propaganda and the war of words between belligerents played a big part in making the First World War total, as â€Å"the orgy of killing on the battlefield took place against the backdrop of an orgy of loaded words.† The government and press were able... ...d be directly or indirectly involved in the war – if not physically involved in battle, they could be emotionally affected by the use of propaganda or manipulated by misleading information. Finally, the First World War was waged with armaments that require entire economies to produce them. This means that the war was total because non-combatant involvement in the war effort was essential. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bentley, Jerry H. & Ziegler, Herbert F., Traditions & Encounters, (New York, 2003). Demm, Eberhard, ‘Propaganda and Caricature in the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 28, No. 1. (1993), pp. 163-192. Hobsbawm, Eric, ‘The Age of Total War’, Age of Extremes, Michael Joseph, 1994. 21-53. Marquis, Alice Goldfarb, ‘Words as Weapons: Propaganda in Britain and Germany during the First World War’, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 13, No. 3. (1978), pp. 467-498. PRIMARY SOURCES Lines of Fire. Women Writers of World War I, edited by Margaret Higonnet (New York, 1999): Gadarinee Dadourian, ‘A Mother’s Deportation’, pp.280-1. Mike Iavarone, â€Å"Trenches on the Web: Posters from the Great War,† http://www.worldwar1.com/posters.htm#ger

Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been Essay examples -- Literary An

In her short story Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been, Joyce Carol Oates presents us with a well known maxim: children cannot wait to get older. Tired of her boring and powerless childhood, Connie, the main character, searches for cheap thrills she likens to adulthood. Thus, Connie’s surreal experience (Arnold Friend’s sudden and unwanted appearance in his car) represents a suppressed fear of the inevitable and unknown - growing up. Connie, a stereotypical fifteen year old girl, views her life and her family with dissatisfaction. Jealous around her twenty-four year old sister, June, despite June’s outward plainness, and tense around her irksome mother, Connie escapes to the mall with her friends. She and her clique of friends feel like they own the place, and the rest of the world: â€Å"Everything about her had two sides to it, one for home and one for anywhere that was not home†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1-2). The sense of freedom intoxicates them. Sometimes, they sneak across the street to a drive-in restaurant. Crossing from one world to the next, they leave the well known layout of the mall and adopt the turf of the older kids. They went up through the maze of parked and cruising cars to the bright-lit, fly- infested restaurant, their faces pleased and expectant as if they were entering a sacred building that loomed up out of the night to give them what haven and blessing they yearned for (2). Here, they rid themselves of average, familial and school-age problems and bask in the glory of teenagerdom, drinking from their Holy Grail of liberty. Here, listening to â€Å"the music that made everything so good† (2), they finally taste the maturity they yearn for. However, growing up often comes too quickly. A boy, Eddie, soon arr... ...ate. As the last lines of the story suggest, despite her terror through the piece, she is finally forced to accept her future: â€Å"†¦the vast sunlit reaches of the land behind him and on all sides of him - so much land that Connie had never seen before and did not recognize except to know that she was going to it† (9). After spending so much time acting more grown up than she actually was, she now must face the truth of growing up, despite her trepidation, like all children. With complex themes and multifaceted symbols, Oates presents a girl so eager to grow up, but not yet ready to face what that truly entails. Arnold Friend represents the bare actuality many children ignore when looking at the far unlit unknown of adulthood and growing up. In essence, this story acts as a way to warn â€Å"be careful what you wish for† and â€Å"life’s not all it’s cracked up to be†.

Diversity talking

When we are talking In relation to diversity, we talk about the group who possess individual qualities that are diverse from our traits. Diversity is the uniqueness which every employee brings to the workplace in an organization or establishment. Examples of differences include nationality, belief, disabilities, physical appearance, race, gender, age, educational background, sexual orientation, and work experience, social and family status, At workplace, valuing diversity means creating a work environment that respects and includes variation Indlvldudl by maxlmlzlng the otential of all employees or in which every employee feels included.It means acknowledging that other people, other races, other voices, and other cultures have an equal claim on the world. Valuing diversity is the recognition that there are many ways of viewing the world, solving problems, and working together workplace diversity Is the differences people bring In an organization. It encompasses learning and Interact ing with people who share different opinions, backgrounds from us and creating an environment w†¦ _ middle of paper _ †¦ ployees should be open-minded and treat others with dignity, respect, courtesy and onsideration and not tolerate harassment or discrimination.This creates a workplace that encourages learning and associating with people from diverse groups. With a diverse working environment and an equally diverse opportunity, the sky is the limit to what you can achieve during your career. In addition to a very Important requirement when people deal with diversity Is when there Is a promotion of d â€Å"safe† place for people to communicate (Koonce, 2001 Diversity is the essence of evolution. Right from the ancient times, it has been clearly evident that various races of the world interacted and traded with each other.Calling diversity as one ot the leading survival tactics ot the human race wont be an anomaly. It opens up the mind and dlmlnlshes the boundaries d efined by set of authoritarians. Diversity Is eminent In nature. The diverse colours of Mother Nature, seasonal variations, existence of solar, lunar and planetary movements in harmony and in coordination are nothing but diverse expressions of the same. The myriad hues sync up in reverence and carve a picture so nice. Man Is a small constituent of this colossal cosmos. And as stated earller, diversity Is dn essence of the existence.Therefore It becomes Imperative to respect and greet the great variation present around. People hailing from different cultures, ethnicity, race, country or religion should be considered as a part of the ‘one society' only. and unjustified behaviour expressed by a particular race towards the others. This behaviour is a denial of the God's creation. In his infinite wisdom, he created people of all colours and creeds. On a scientific basis the colour of the skin depends upon the geographical and environmental factors. And in deeper introspection, it i s the pigment melanin that determines the colour of skin.So, the main point is that nowhere in the description lies any factor that makes a particular race better than others. The anatomy and physiology of a human body are similar all over the world. Hence discrimination on any basis is unjustified and unacceptable. There are various cultures and religions that are followed in the present society set up. Everyone has the right to follow and express his religious beliefs in solidarity. Instead of making prejudices and demeaning people, try to embrace the goodness of each. No religion spread the message of hatred or communalism.It is the followers r the conservatives who modify the teachings according to their maligned thoughts. In the modern world the international boundaries are already shrinking. The increasing trade among the countries and the outsourcing of Jobs is an example. No country can survive on its own. Mutual collaboration among all parts of the world is mandatory. Even, those who claim to belong to first world have to depend upon the third world countries for a better market and manpower. The oil and gasoline needs are satiated by the gulf countries. In turn, all the modern facilities and exposure to evelopment is best in the developed countries only.Accepting the diversity is not only an option but compulsory for the sustenance of humanity. Accepting the diversity gracefully will help in building a congenial environment. It is the imminent duty of the older generation to understand and teach their younger ones the importance and acceptance of diversity present around. The base line is to warmly embrace the diverse cultures and religions and their teachings prevalent in the world. It will help to improvise the human race as a whole and will lead towards a better future for generations to follow.

Engineering Economic analysis Essay

Relevant psychological and physiological effects were found to occur in a promotion or transition process and these include the increased stress due to more challenging job experience and more demanding job responsibilities and the observation that the promoted technical person will become more people oriented and less technically oriented. The stress created could either result to positive or negative consequences to the just promoted manager. If positive, the promotion may make him or her happy in the job but if not the negative effects could result to the company not attaining its organizational objective. Motivational and leadership theories could be incorporated in the daily routine to the workplace but the their incorporation must take into consideration the assumptions and conditions under which theories may be applied in order to assure the company of a better chance of benefiting from their incorporation as people may react differently in a way that may contradict the intended purpose or purposes of the theories. It is an accepted business reality that people are the most important part of the organization but they are the same time the greatest liability if they are not motivated which makes it easy to attribute success or failure of the business to people and their decisions and actions. Applying or incorporating the theories is possible but requires a great deal of challenge to management because it is difficult to determine with certainty the different conditions under which the theories and motivations and leadership may apply. In however making the decision to incorporate the theories into the daily routine of the workplace, advantages could be found in the greater chance of having motivated employees that would help the organization in attaining its vision but at the same time disadvantages are also inevitable for incorporating the same on the basis of the risk of making decisions to incorporate for not all incorporations of theories will result to a successful end. This paper asserts that certain foreseen and relevant psychological and physiological effects may occur in a promotion or transition process of technical person, using another person’s personal on-the-job experience, and the managerial visionary concepts covered/discussed in both MSE504 (Engineering Management and previously MSE404) and MSE602 (Advanced Engineering Management.) This further asserts that incorporating the theories of â€Å"Motivation and Leadership† into the daily routine of the company (workplace) from the perspective of engineer advancing in positions and that of an accomplished engineering manager is not easy as the theories are applicable under different set of assumptions or conditions which the present company does not readily lend without effecting changes to the higher corporate strategies of the organization. It is further asserted that in so incorporating the said theories touches upon different pertinent theories and job-related experiences that cover key attributes of management such as: risk-taking and decision-making, judgment by trial and error, performance monitoring and evaluation, observation and interpretation, strategizing and behavioral analysis and that in so having various effects among these attributes of management, advantages and disadvantages as well as ramifications could be observed as they personal conduct, overall managerial tasks, and the company’s operational vision.

Proposal- Civil Engineering

Proposal To: Dr. Rod Zink From: Shivani Priyam SUBJECT: Recommendation Report â€Å"Topic† Revised Draft: Wednesday April 17, 2013 The purpose of this proposal is to summarize my recommendation report. Through this proposal, I will explain my theoretical situation in which I make a recommendation to the Assotech Limited’s Planning and Coordination team as to which type of master plan is best suited for their upcoming project. Through the course of this proposal I will explain Assotech Limited’s position in the Real Estate market in India.I will also compare two master plans since that will be critical in making a strong informative recommendation to the organization. Finally, at the end of my proposal I will outline my tentative schedule and breakdown the costs that I expect to incur while putting together my recommendation report. Introduction As Civil Engineer I have been hired by Assotech Limited to select the best master plan for a land area of 12. 062 acres, which comprises of  High Rise Towers of 2 BHK, 3BHK, 3 BHK + Servant room + Study & 4 BHK + Servant room + Study apartments as per the market requirements catering to buyers of all segments of the society.Some inventory of villas has also been introduced to take the advantage of huge demand for this. I have been hired to help the company choose between 2 possible master plans for the development. I will compare the two alternatives and recommend the best possible alternative for the company and the future residents. The company wants a master plan that takes into account the climatic conditions, sun and wind movement and incorporates these factors in our designs.I have to suggest the best alternative that will be the most efficient, the most cost effective option and also the most reliable over time for the homeowners and also maximize the use of natural elements in our buildings. Description of Case study The site is strategically located at Sector 99; in the upcoming New Gurgao n Area (India), which is in close proximity to the newly built Terminal-3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport, . The topography of the site is majorly flat with minor level differences.The client needs a master plan that will build Low rise development on the Southern side and high raise development on the Northern side for maximum utilization of natural resources. Gurgaon falls in the Composite Climatic Zone of India having all types of climatic characteristics from hot & dry, warm, humid as well as cold conditions. A climatic data glance over the past two decades show that hottest months are from May till June and the coldest months are from December till January, normal Annual Rainfall being 553mm. The Average Annual Wind Direction is North West to South East.The winds in this zone on an average are light but gain force in summers and monsoons. The site is located south East to the master plan. The wind direction being North West to South East will bring purified cool breeze i nto the site. Human comfort is a function of four primary variables; air temperature, air movement, humidity, and the mean radiant temperature of interior surfaces. Natural ventilation is an energy efficient way to increase human comfort because air movement increases heat transfer from the surface when cooler outside air replaces warm and humid indoor air.Natural ventilation, unlike fan-forced ventilation, uses the natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into buildings. To maximize Natural Ventilation in buildings we need: * Set Building orientation to receive prevailing breezes * Cooling of breezes by vegetative shading * Introduction of water bodies along the wind path to control temperature. * Architectural devices such as wind chimneys, atria, courtyards, windows, and operable blinds to induce natural air flow. The Two Plans:The two types of master plans that Assotech limited are taking under consideration incorporates all the major factors such as the climatol ogy, wind, solar path and solar gain but vary in terms of the amount of energy and cost it can save which is where my job begins. The first plan is called the Option 1 and the second plan is called Option 2. Before a decision on the two plans can be made, Environment clearance certificate needs to be obtained and the two plans needs to be tested upon three major factors: 1.Strategically Oriented buildings to maintain apartment temperatures through wind and sunlight. 2. Natural ventilation, unlike fan –forced ventilation, should use the natural forces of wind and buoyancy to deliver fresh air into buildings. 3. Should use temperature friendly materials for optimal apartment insulation. Comparative study of the two plans: The comparative study here shows the total energy and cost savings fro the two options. It presents a very drastic contrast between the two options with regards to AC cooling, Heating systems and Day lighting in the areas.This table highlights the energy savin gs with respect to the three main factors and also clearly states which option is the most efficient one. Take example of one bedroom of 150 -170 Sq. ft. Average running of 175 days in a year | Option1| Option2| A C (summers)| | | Connected load| 1. 5 tr| 1. 5 tr| operational load| 1. 3 tr| 1. 5 tr| total energy saving/ day| 2. 0 KW| NIL| Heating (winters)| | | Connected load| 2. 0 KW| 2. 0 KW| operational load| 1. 7 KW| 2. 0 KW| total energy saving/ day| 7. 0 KW| NIL| Day lighting| | | Connected load| 100 W| 100W| operational load| 65 W| 65 W| otal energy saving/ day| 70 W| NIL| Saving due to option 1 = 6581. 625 INR or 121. 47  US Dollar| In AC cooling systems, it shows a difference of 0. 2 tr. between the two options regarding operational load. It also shows the total energy savings if we go with Option1- Master Plan Green. In heating systems, it shows a difference of 0. 3 tr. in terms of operational loading, hence contributing majorly to towards total energy savings with optio n 1. In Day lighting, although there isn’t any loading difference but option 1 contributes 70 W worth energy saving, as compared to option 2 which contributes NIL.In conclusion, as it is evident from the comparative table, option 1 is a more efficient, cost effective and the most reliable option for our consumers. Option 1- Master Plan Green The massing on the site is such that to maximize the views from the Expressway. The blocks on the North and North West get the benefit of views of the Master Plan Green. The hierarchy of heights on the site respects the Vaastu Principles with lower tower on the North East and increasing heights towards South West. The geometry of the site has also been considered.The entrances of the site are at North East and South West with reference to Vaastu requirements. The central location of the Clubhouse gives an easy access from all parts of the site. The Club also has a direct access to avoid congestion on any part of the site. All the building s on the site face Central Green Courtyards. The site is divided into two huge green courts flowing into each other through a central lawn. Option 2- Master Plan White This option gets the benefit of the Natural Resources that is Wind and Sun.The Wind Movement has been taken care of by placing the building blocks strategically to get the advantage of natural ventilation in maximum number of apartments. The peripheral road gives a direct access to all the blocks with their separate drop offs. The placement of Villas on the Southern edge of the site and Taller buildings on the Northern edge allows Sun penetration in maximum number of apartments. Decision Criteria: In option 2 there is a linear tower in the central court,  this makes a closed courtyard comparing with Option 1.After closely observing the shadow diagram of both the options I concluded that option 1 has less shadow towers falling on each other and have open court yard (from club side) thus having better cross ventilatio n for  all the towers and its units. The minimum amount of shadows helps us in winters and reduces the requirement of heating load in overall load capacity as well as operational time when compared with option 2. Same is case for cross ventilation. Option 1 reduces the heat, makes the indoor spaces cooler as compared to option 2 thus reducing the load on the air conditioning. Prospective Audience:My primary audience would be the Manager of the Planning and Coordination team, who will read the report and recommendations and decide what he/she believes, will work best for his/her situation. The secondary audience will be the owners and management of the construction company. They will be making the final decision for the company and decide if the recommendation that I give to them will be best for their situation and whether or not they will be using those master plans. They will also check to ensure that the recommended mater plans meets all of the requirements that they have given to me as their engineer.Another audience for the report would be the State Environment Impact Assessment Authority who is in charge of the entire environment related factors will have to approve of the plan to make sure it will meet all of the regulation in the areas. Work Schedule For Implementation Of The Plan: The work schedule will begin as soon as the final proposal is handed in and will finish the day that the report is due. Task| April 1st– 8th | 9th-22nd| April 23rd- May 5th | 6th -12th | 13th– 19th | May 20th -June 3rd | Research systems| | | | | | | Form idea on better system| | | | | | | Initial Report draft body| | | | | | |Report front and end matter draft| | | | | | | Review and edit| | | | | | | Finish report and print and binding| | | | | | | Cost of Publication for the plan: The costs for the two options I am considering in my recommendation report are charted below: Option| Cost| Option 1 Air Conditioning unitsHeating UnitsVentilation strategiesSunli ght incorporated tower structure| $6. 48 /- per sq. ft. | Option 2 Air Conditioning unitsHeating UnitsVentilation strategiesSunlight incorporated tower structure | $10. 78 /- per sq. ft. | I have decided to go with option 1. Total savings due to option 2 is 121. 47  US Dollar.Schedule for the recommendation report: I feel as I navigate through this project I would need to plan and stay focused to accomplish all tasks in a timely manner and hence my planner for this recommendation report would be: Task| Week 11| Week 12| Week 13| Week 14| Week 15| Week 16| 1| Proposal| | | | | 2| | | Initial Draft| | | 3| | | | | Complete| | 4| | | | | | Final| Qualifications: This project falls under my current work related responsibilities. As a civil engineer in Assotech Limited, I have a wealth of resources and knowledge available to conduct a realistic analysis for the two master plan alternatives.I also fully understand the pros and cons of the two options, which would help me to see the effe ct of each on the company and how it would result in achieving the main aim of the project. Since, I am able to utilize the resources I have available through Assotech Ltd. my cost for this project will very minimal. Cost of required materials I believe these could be the possible costs while creating the final product. The costs would include the cost of color printing, and the coil binding. Thus the break down of the cost is listed below: Items| Cost| Color printing| $0. 49| Paper| $0. 0| Coil Binding| $ 3. 50| Total | $3. 99| ————————————————- Permission to Continue: After reading the proposal I am asking for permission to carry onto the recommendation report for the task of finding a suitable master plan in relation to climatic conditions and energy usage for Assotech limited for their project in Gurgaon, India. Citation requirements: 1. Assotech Limited. . 2012. Assot ech Blith [Internet]. Noida (UP): Assotech Moonshine Urban Developers Pvt Ltd; [2012 January, cited 2013 February]. Available from: http://assotechlimited. om/our-projects/featured-project-assotech-blith. html The website is the official website of Assotech Ltd. I am using this website as one of my sources for the recommendation report since this page would help me find information on the company and help me with my analysis and findings. I have used this website for obtaining the data for the comparative study, the cost of publishing and the work schedule for the plan to be implemented. 2. 2009. Gurgaon (UP): Sustainable Habitats- Teri Initiative [cited 2013]. Available from: http://www. sustainable-buildings. org/files/composite_SolarEnergy. df As we know, large quantities of energy are consumed in providing lighting, ventilation, and thermal comfort in the buildings. Using proper planning and design the architects have made it possible to reduce the wastage of energy and lighting . Thus, this website helped me with all the topography and climate related information required for my comparative study. Secondly, this website provided me with the information I needed to base my comparative options which were AC cooling, heating system and day lighting. Thirdly, it also gave me information about the location of the construction. 3. A R COP. 007. Planning and coordination [Internet]. 2007. Arcop Associates Pvt. Ltd, cited 2013] Available from: http://www. arcop. co. in/planningandurbandesign. htm ————————————————- This website helped me with my master plan options and cost related questions. I used this website to obtain the visuals I needed for my report. It provided me with all the details along with the visuals for the master plan green as well as the master plan white. ——————————â €”———– [ 1 ]. Vaastu- â€Å"ancient doctrine about science of construction and architecture. †